长期施磷的产量效应及其环境风险评价

基于太湖地区8 a的长期试验,应用常规化学分析法和数学统计方法,研究了不同施肥方式即单施化肥(NPK)、化肥配施稻麦全量秸秆还田(NPK+S)、无机肥配施鲜猪粪7.5 t.(hm2.a)-1(NPK+M7.5)及无机肥配施鲜猪粪15.0 t.(hm2.a)-1(NPK+M15)对稻麦轮作农田的作物产量、土壤各形态磷的累积及其潜在环境效应的影响.结果表明,在单施无机磷肥基础上,无论是秸秆全量还田还是配施不同量的猪粪,稻麦均没有显著增产;长期以常规无机磷肥用量配施猪粪,其土壤Olsen-P、Mehlich3-P、草酸盐磷(Pox)、CaCl2-P、水浸提磷(WEP)、总磷(TP)及土壤磷饱和度(degree of P saturation,DPS)等均显著增加,且配施猪粪量越大,各形态磷的累积量越大,土壤积累磷的环境风险越高;长期在常规无机磷肥用量基础上进行全量秸秆还田,与秸秆不还田处理相比,土壤各形态磷并无显著累积.综合考虑稻麦的产量效应、土壤磷库表观收支平衡、磷素长期累积的环境风险及经济效益等,在本研究区域目前的土壤环境条件下,常规磷肥施用量(45 kg·hm-2)基础上进行全量秸秆还田这一施肥方式是值得推荐的.     

南方农村集约化养猪场污染及其防治

应用生态农业原理，分析了集约化养猪场的主要环境污染问题，并厚得种养有限公司大型养猪场所采用的“三段利用两步净化”方法工艺流程及其环境经济效益进行了剖析。     

生猪规模养殖粪污治理行为影响因素分析——基于意愿转化行为视角

为促进养殖户积极参与粪污治理,基于意愿转化行为视角,利用吉林、辽宁2省25县的生猪规模养殖户调研数据,通过对样本数据进行分组（无意愿无行为、有意愿无行为、有意愿有行为）,运用无序多分类Logistic回归模型从“有无意愿”“有无行为”“意愿转化行为”三个维度综合分析生猪规模养殖粪污治理行为的影响因素。结果显示：养殖户的粪污治理意愿与治理行为之间存在较大差异,意愿与行为的不一致比率达26.8%。影响养殖户粪污治理意愿转化行为的因素主要与养殖规模、粪污消纳地面积、养殖净收益、周边群众舆论、粪污处理技术、粪污处理经济条件、粪污处理相关培训、政府补贴和政府监管等相关性较大,并且对意愿向行为转化具有显著的促进作用,而养殖年限成为养殖户粪污治理意愿转化行为的阻碍因素。     

不同原料厌氧发酵及其微生物种群的研究

使用PCR-DGGE技术,对以鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪、秸秆为发酵原料的发酵体系的微生物群落多样性进行了研究.在发酵不同时间取样,进行了日产甲烷量、日产甲烷浓度的变化分析和DGGE分析.结果表明,日产甲烷量整体趋势为猪粪>鸡粪>秸秆>牛粪,日平均产甲烷量分别为2.67、2.24、0.99、0.49L;猪粪、鸡粪、秸秆的日产甲烷浓度在整个发酵周期大多可维持在50%以上,牛粪的日产甲烷浓度大部分时间低于30%;细菌的优势菌群有拟杆菌属(Bacteroidetes)、密螺旋体属(Treponema)、厌氧绳菌科(Anaerolineaceae)等,新增优势菌群有梭菌属(Clostridium)、脱硫叶菌属(Desulfobulbus)、毛螺旋菌科(Lachnospiraceae)、醋弧菌属(Acetivibrio);古菌的优势菌群有甲烷鬃菌属(Methanosaeta)、甲烷八叠球菌属(Methanosarcina)、甲烷八叠球菌目(Methanosarcinales),新增优势菌群有斯氏甲烷球菌属(Methanosphaera stadtmanae).     

猪粪及奶牛粪中温厌氧发酵对Cu和Zn的影响

以猪粪和奶牛粪为发酵原料,在中温〔(37±2)℃〕条件下采用完全混合式厌氧反应器进行了158 d的室内试验研究,分析厌氧发酵过程中Cu和Zn在沼液中质量浓度的变化及其在沼渣中的赋存形态. 结果表明:①猪粪沼液中ρ(TCu)和ρ(TZn)(TCu和TZn分别为总Cu和总Zn)随发酵时间的增加逐渐升高,而奶牛粪沼液中二者变幅不明显. ②整个发酵过程中,猪粪沼液中ρ(TCu)和ρ(TZn)的平均值极显著低于进料(P<0.001),降幅分别为80%和43%;而奶牛粪沼液中二者降幅分别仅为11%和13%. ③猪粪和奶牛粪沼液中ρ(溶解性Cu)占ρ(TCu)的53%和43%,与进料相比有小幅降低;而猪粪和奶牛粪沼液中ρ(溶解性Zn)占ρ(TZn)的35%和19%,极显著高于进料(P≤0.01),增幅分别为109%和37%. ④猪粪和奶牛粪沼渣中Cu主要以可氧化态存在,Zn主要以残渣态和酸溶态/可交换态存在. 中温厌氧发酵对猪粪和奶牛粪中溶解性Cu和Zn的削减效果有限,并且沼渣中残渣态Cu和Zn的减少可能增加二者的生物有效性,因此不利于农田的直接利用.      

Consumer Attitudes Towards the Development of Animal-Friendly Husbandry Systems

Recent policy developments in the area of livestock husbandry have suggested that, from the perspective of optimizing animal welfare, new animal husbandry systems should be developed that provide opportunities for livestock animals to be raised in environments where they are permitted to engage in “natural behavior.” It is not known whether consumers regard animal husbandry issues as important, and whether they differentiate between animal husbandry and other animal welfare issues. The responsibility for the development of such systems is allocated jointly between farmers, regulators, different actors in the food chain, and consumers. This research focuses on understanding consumer attitudes and preferences regarding the development and introduction of such systems, to ensure that they are acceptable to consumers as well as producers, regulators, and scientists. Consumer perceptions of animal welfare and animal husbandry practices were evaluated using quantitative consumer survey, which focused on two animal husbandry issues – farmed pigs and farmed fish. Following pilot work, 1000 representative Dutch consumers were sampled about their attitudes to either pig or fish husbandry. The results indicated that consumers think about animal welfare in terms of two broad categories related to their health and living environment, but do not think about welfare issues at a more detailed level. Greater concern was expressed about the welfare of pigs compared to fish. Consumer trust in labeling also emerged as an important issue, since consumers need to trust different food chain actors with responsibility for promoting animal welfare, and are reluctant to consider the details of animal husbandry systems. As a consequence, a transparent, enforceable, and traceable monitoring system for animal welfare friendly products is likely to be important for consumers.     

Impact of Animal Welfare on Costs and Viability of Pig Production in the UK

The European Union welfare standardsfor intensively kept pigs have steadilyincreased over the past few years and areproposed to continue in the future. It isimportant that the cost implications of thesechanges in welfare standards are assessed. Theaim of this study was to determine theprofitability of rearing pigs in a range ofhousing systems with different standards forpig welfare. Models were constructed tocalculate the cost of pig rearing (6–95 kg) in afully-slatted system (fulfilling minimum EUspace requirements, Directive 91630/EEC); apartly-slatted system; a high-welfare,straw-based system (complying with the UK-basedRoyal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty toAnimals, Freedom Food standards) and afree-range system. The models were also used toassess the consequences of potential increasesin space allowance, and to estimate the cost ofrearing pigs under organic standards.The cost of rearing pigs ranged from92.0 p/kg carcass weight (cw) and 94.6 p/kgcw forthe partly-slatted and fully-slatted systems,to 98.8 p/kgcw and 99.3 p/kgcw for the FreedomFood and free-range systems respectively. Whenspace allowance was increased by 60% to levelsin a recent proposal to revise pig welfareDirective (91/630/EEC), the rearing costs wereunchanged for the free-range system but rose by4.6 p/kgcw for the fully-slatted system. Rearingcosts under organic standards were 31% higherthan in the free-range system. These resultssuggest that improved pig welfare can beachieved with a modest increase in costAt present, price premiums received for meatproduced under high welfare systems in the UKoffset the higher costs of production in thesesystems. To ensure profitability in the longterm, it is important that these premiums aremaintained.     

猪粪中土霉素环境风险及好氧降解技术研究进展

针对国内规模化养猪场饲料及猪粪中土霉素的高残留量的现状,综述了国内外关于畜禽粪便中土霉素研究的现状。文章首先介绍了畜禽粪便中土霉素的应用和残留情况,然后探讨了土霉素存在于环境中对微生物、植物和动物的生态毒性,最后结合国内外现有畜禽粪便处理技术优缺点的评价．对好氧堆肥技术应用于高土霉素残留猪粪的无害化处理以及应该注意的一些问题提出了建议。     

重金属Zn对猪粪堆肥过程中微生物群落的影响

利用Biolog微平板技术,对不同浓度重金属Zn影响下堆料微生物群落多样性进行了研究.结果表明,较低浓度Zn处理（Zn含量分别为0mg.kg-1,300mg.kg-1,600mg.kg-1,900mg.kg-1）的堆料升温快,在高温期持续时间长,并达到无害化处理,堆料微生物中起分异作用的碳源主要为多聚物类和糖类.重金属...     

Contribution of additives Cu to its accumulation in pig feces： study in Beijing and Fuxin of China

Massive amounts of pig manure are produced by intensive pig farm in China, and the composition of pig manure has changed much due to the use of feed additives. However, little is known about the exact Cu （copper） feed as additives or present as contaminants in pig feed and the residues in feces. One hundred and thirty-seven feeds and one hundred and forty-two fecal samples from 48 pig farms were collected in Beijing and Fuxin cities in 1999 and 2005, respectively. The concentrations of Cu were in the range of 6.86-395.19 mg/kg in the feed samples, and the mean values were in the order of weaner〉 grower-finisher〉 sow＇s feeds. The high concentrations over EU recommendations implied that excessive levels of Cu are fed on many pig farms in Beijing and Fuxin. Cu was also present in high concentrations in feces, and concentrations were highly variable. Cu concentrations in the feces from grower-finisher and weaner pigs were significantly greater than feces of sows. The super-intensive and small-scale farms had higher levels of Cu in feces than the middle farms. Cu concentrations in pig feces were approximately 5-times greater than in pig feeds. Feed management in grower-finisher pigs on super-intensive and small-scale pig farms is needed to reduce high Cu concentrations in feces and risks to soil contamination while feces are land-applied.