汶川地震陕西重灾区地质灾害风险区划探讨

以汶川地震陕西的勉县、宁强、略阳三个重灾县的地质灾害防治区划为研究对象,借鉴国际上的自然灾害风险概念,基于1∶5万地质灾害详细调查精度,在勉、略、宁地区地质灾害危险性评价和承灾体地质灾害社会经济易损性评价基础上,通过GIS平台,进行了勉县、略阳、宁强地区的地质灾害风险区划初步研究,划分了勉、略、宁地区地质灾害风险区划结果。研究结果表明:勉、略、宁地区地质灾害风险区划属于细观层面的地质灾害风险区划。勉、略、宁地区地质灾害风险区可以划分为高、中、低和极低4级风险区,高中风险区占到全区面积的60%,是今后勉略宁地区地质灾害防治的重点。     

藏东南典型冰湖溃决危险性分析

自川藏公路南线(西藏境内)修建通车以来,因受到泥石流、滑坡崩塌等自然灾害的影响而经常出现交通被迫中断的现象.其中,冰湖溃决泥石流由于其突发性强、洪峰高、流量大、破坏性强、持续时间短、范围广等特点,已成为藏东南地区危害程度最为严重的特殊灾种.通过对错下湖区域水文气候、冰川活动以及地震等要素的分析,初步认为该冰湖存在可能溃...     

山区公路边坡地质灾害数据库及统计分析

边坡稳定性受多种内外因素的综合影响,正确地认识各影响因素的特征及其对公路边坡稳定性的影响程度,有助于对边坡进行合理的评价,并采取经济有效的防护措施.本文在现场工程地质调查和文献调研的基础上,搜集了622个典型山区公路边坡的地质资料及灾害资料,建立了山区公路边坡地质灾害数据库,统计了各影响因素与边坡失稳频度的关系.统计结...     

基于GIS的新源县滑坡灾害分析与区划

新源县是新疆滑坡灾害的多发区。基于GIS的多元信息整合与空间分析功能,分析了近年新源县449个滑坡灾害点的监测数据,探讨了该区滑坡的发育特征,进行了滑坡灾害危险性区划。结果表明,地质条件是滑坡灾害形成的基本因素,降雨是滑坡灾害的主要诱发因素,过度放牧等人类活动也是促发滑坡灾害发生发展的重要因素之一。由此,为避免滑坡灾害,减少在上述地形地质条件下的不合理人类活动、合理安排牲畜数量以减少环境负荷是决策关键。     

基于层次分析法的库岸高速滑坡危险度评价

高速滑坡的判定是滑坡治理工作中的一项重要内容,但由于目前尚没有统一规范的滑速计算方法,因而给高速滑坡的预测带来了一定的困难。层次分析法是一种定性与定量相结合的多目标决策分析方法,针对库岸高速滑坡发生的各影响因子,采用层次分析法对鹅公带古滑坡体的高速滑坡体危险度进行了分析评价,为库岸高速滑坡的预测提供了一条新思路。     

船上劳动安全风险辨识研究

针对船上劳动安全风险辨识的生产实际要求,根据查明危险源,风险评估、制定风险控制措施,降低因风险导致危险发生概率的理论,探讨了船上劳动安全风险辨识的基本原理,研讨了船上哪些作业活动需要进行风险辨识,以及在船上可操作的具体的风险辨识方法。根据研究结果,指出：影响船上劳动安全的因素仍然是人（船员）、物（设备、工具、物件、货物等）、环境（劳动环境和社会环境）以及管理这四大因素;船上劳动安全危险源的最佳分类方法是根据影响劳动安全的四大因素来进行分类;首次提出可通过对船上劳动安全危险源的打分方法,评价船上某作业条件下的劳动风险大小,同时指出船上劳动安全检查是船上劳动风险辨识的一种有效的辅助手段。     

接地系统危险辨识及其对策措施

接地工程作为一种电气减灾技术,在易燃易爆场所、变电站、发电厂及高大建筑物上都有着广泛的应用。该技术的使用可以有效地避免因过电压和人身触电造成的设备损坏和人身伤害,有效的接地装置可以减少生产事故的发生,但由于接地工程是一种交叉科学,涉及知识面广,生产的诸多环节许多致害因素常常被使用者忽视,而造成设备过电压事故和人身触电。因此对接地系统进行危险辨识具有重要的现实意义。本文将各类接地视为一个大系统,采用系统安全分析危险辨识方法对防雷接地、工作接地、保护接地、静电接地进行危险辨识,在安全技术与管理方面提出了对策措施与建议。文章最后,对接地工程技术发展方面需要重点解决的问题进行了总结,以便为接地工程与技术的发展提供积极的借鉴作用,更好地为安全生产服务。     

The Climate Value of Cycling

The reduction of CO₂ emissions constitutes one of the largest challenges of the current era. Sustainable transportation, and especially cycling, can contribute to the mitigation of CO₂ emissions since cycling possesses an intrinsic zero‐emission value. Few studies have been conducted that appraise the CO₂ reduction potential of cycling. Opportunity costs enable the estimation of avoided CO₂ emissions resulting from bicycle trips. The methodology developed in this research allows the attribution of a climate value to cycling by substituting bicycle trips with their most likely alternative transportation modes and calculating the resulting additional CO₂ emissions. The methodology uses data on the current modal shares of cycling mobility, the competition of cycling with other transportation modes, and CO₂ emission factors to calculate the climate value of cycling. When it is assumed that the avoided CO₂ emissions of cycling mobility could be traded on financial carbon markets, the climate value of cycling represents a monetary value. Application of the methodology to the case of Bogotá, Colombia — a city with a current bicycle modal share of 3.3% on a total of 10 million daily trips — results in a climate value of cycling of 55,115 tons of CO₂ per year, corresponding to an economic value of between 1 and 7 million US dollars when traded on the carbon market.     

Mitigating the consequences of extreme events on strategic facilities: evaluation of volcanic and seismic risk affecting the Caspian oil and gas pipelines in the Republic of Georgia

In this work we identify and quantify new seismic and volcanic risks threatening the strategic Caspian oil and gas pipelines through the Republic of Georgia, in the vicinity of the recent Abuli Samsari Volcanic Ridge, and evaluate risk reduction measures, mitigation measures, and monitoring. As regards seismic risk, we identified a major, NW-SE trending strike-slip fault; based on the analysis of fault planes along this major transcurrent structure, an about N-S trend of the maximum, horizontal compressive stress (σ1) was determined, which is in good agreement with data instrumentally derived after the 1986, M 5.6 Paravani earthquake and its aftershock. Particularly notable is the strong alignment of volcanic vents along an about N-S trend that suggests a magma rising controlled by the about N-S-directed σ1. The original pipeline design included mitigation measures for seismic risk and other geohazards, including burial of the pipeline for its entire length, increased wall thickness, block valve spacing near recognized hazards, and monitoring of known landslide hazards. However, the design did not consider volcanic risk or the specific seismic hazards revealed by this study. The result of our analysis is that the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) oil pipeline, as well as the Baku-Tbilisi-Erzerum South Caucasian natural gas pipeline (SCP) were designed in such a way that they significantly reduce the risk posed by the newly-identified geohazards in the vicinity of the Abuli-Samsari Ridge. No new measures are recommended for the pipeline itself as a result of this study. However, since the consequences of long-term shut-down would be very damaging to the economies of Western Europe, we conclude that the regionally significant BTC and SCP warrant greater protections, described in the final section of or work. The overall objective of our effort is to present the results in a matrix framework that allows the technical information to be used further in the decision-making process, with the goal of reducing the uncertainty in the final decision. This approach is applicable to the study of risks in other pipeline systems.     

差异化碳减排目标对区域产业部门经济与碳减排的影响

碳减排目标是实现减排任务的重要保障.为探讨差异化减排目标对区域产业部门经济与碳减排的影响,以在我国具有特定区位条件（“21世纪海上丝绸之路”的重要节点）和经济发展现状（相对较为落后）的广西壮族自治区为主要研究区域,构建包括广西壮族自治区和我国其他地区〔除广西壮族自治区以外的其他省（自治区、直辖市）,但不含港澳台地区,下同〕在内的可计算的一般均衡模型,设定P55C65、P75C65、P65C55、P65C65、P65C75（“P”表示广西壮族自治区,“C”表示我国其他地区,“55”“65”“75”分别表示碳减排目标依次为55%、65%、75%）和基准情景（无减排目标）,研究区域间宏观经济和微观产业部门指标之间的相互影响.结果表明:①无差异情景（P65C65）下,广西壮族自治区农林牧渔业2030年的产值为741.17×108元,比基准情景下降0.19%;我国其他地区电子设备制造业的产值为33 457.49×108元,比基准情景下降2.00%.对广西壮族自治区碳排放贡献较大的产业部门主要为食品制造业、金属冶炼及压延业和服务业,而我国其他地区碳排放主要受电力热力生产的影响.②差异化情景下,这两个区域的金属冶炼及压延部门受减排约束影响均较明显.相比无差异情景,P75C65情景下,广西壮族自治区2030年金属冶炼及压延部门的出口总值和省际输出分别降至17.55×108和186.32×108元,分别下降了6.80%和1.65%;本地供应和产出分别降至358.72×108和562.59×108元,分别下降了1.85%和1.95%;金属冶炼及压延部门碳排放降至4 997×104 t,下降了12.79%.而我国其他地区2030年P75C65情景下,金属冶炼及压延部门的出口总值、省际输出、本地供应和产出则分别上升了0.05%、2.06%、0.06%和0.06%,分别增至1 283.24×108、28.25×108、26 598.95×108和27 910.43×108元,该部门的碳排放上升了0.05%,增至82 927×104 t.尽管碳减排目标能有效降低广西壮族自治区的碳排放,但也会给其产业部门带来一定的经济损失,该区域的出口、省际输出、本地供应和产出不仅受自身减排目标的影响,也受到我国其他地区减排目标的约束.建议在落实各省（自治区、直辖市）减排任务时,也要实施差异化减排目标,发展当地的优势产业.