北京市民居室内气态多环芳烃呼吸暴露评价

采用被动采样装置采集并测定北京地区38个家庭采暖期和非采暖期室内空气中的7种气态多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量.结果表明,室内气态PAHs以2、3环组分为主,7种气态PAHs的总平均浓度为100 ng/m3左右.根据实测的PAHs浓度、不同年龄段人群室内平均停留时间及其相应的呼吸速率,计算得到室内成年人(包括老人)对7种气态PAHs的潜在总暴露速率在采暖期和非采暖期分别为66 ng/h和58 ng/h;而未成年人的潜在总暴露速率则分别为56 ng/h和50 ng/h.     

再生水雾化导致的病原微生物暴露剂量计算方法研究

呼吸吸入是再生水利用过程中病原微生物的主要暴露途径之一.本研究提出了呼吸途径病原微生物暴露剂量的计算方法.首先根据再生水中病原微生物的浓度、喷洒强度和再生水雾化效率因子（雾化效率因子取值一般在0.003～0.01之间）,确定再生水喷洒过程中病原微生物的排放强度.然后参考大气污染物扩散模型计算微生物气溶胶的分布,并考虑病原微生物在环境中的衰减,得出空气中病原微生物浓度.病原微生物的衰减计算与其自身衰减因子和环境影响因子有关.根据微生物种类的不同,其在空气中的衰减因子在-0.23～0 s^-1之间,而环境对微生物的影响因子在0.016～73之间.最后结合呼吸速率和暴露时间求得呼吸途径的暴露剂量.根据易感人群年龄、性别和活动强度的不同,日平均呼吸速率在4.5～17 m³·d^-1之间,小时平均呼吸速率在0.3～3.2 m³·h^-1之间.本研究提出的方法可直接用于计算再生水利用于农业灌溉、园林绿化以及水景喷泉过程中因再生水雾化导致的病原微生物暴露剂量.     

Pesticide risk assessment: A study on inhalation and dermal exposure to 2,4-D and paraquat among Malaysian paddy farmers

A cross-section analytical study was conducted to evaluate the risk of pesticide exposure to those applying the Class II pesticides 2,4-D and paraquat in the paddy-growing areas of Kerian, Perak, Malaysia. It investigated the influence of weather on exposure as well as documented health problems commonly related to pesticide exposure. Potential inhalation and dermal exposure for 140 paddy farmers (handlers of pesticides) were assessed. Results showed that while temperature and humidity affected exposure, windspeed had the strongest impact on pesticide exposure via inhalation. However, the degree of exposure to both herbicides via inhalation was below the permissible exposure limits set by United States National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Dermal Exposure Assessment Method (DREAM) readings showed that dermal exposure with manual spraying ranged from moderate to high. With motorized sprayers, however, the level of dermal exposure ranged from low to moderate. Dermal exposure was significantly negatively correlated with the usage of protective clothing. Various types of deleterious health effects were detected among users of manual knapsack sprayers. Long-term spraying activities were positively correlated with increasing levels of the gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) liver enzyme. The type of spraying equipment, usage of proper protective clothing and adherence to correct spraying practices were found to be the most important factors influencing the degree of pesticide exposure among those applying pesticides.     

Pulse Nebulization in Pneumatic Devices

Aerosols of a physiological salt solution and aqueous solutions of salbutamol, sodium cromoglicate, and dornase aifa were generated in a pneumatic nebulizer and analyzed in a system with controlled humidity of air as a carrier gas. Mass distribution of aerosol particles and yield of generation for pulse nebulization were measured. Pulsation of generation was realized with an attachment maintained by a computer program. Opening times of the valve were in the range 50-800 ms. The results indicate the possibility of improving aerosol particle delivery to the lung using a pulse generation system.     

中国西部某规模化电子垃圾拆解厂多氯联苯排放污染特征及职业呼吸暴露风险

电子垃圾的不规范拆解易造成较严重的有机物、重金属等污染排放.在政府西部大开发战略(WDS)的推动下,电子垃圾回收产业从东部地区向西部地区的转移势必会对西部地区生态环境造成一定的负面影响.本文以西部近年新建的某规模化电子垃圾拆解厂为研究对象,于2016年冬季采集了该厂拆解车间室内外及上风向对照区大气气相、颗粒相(PM_(1.0)、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10))共100个样品,对电子垃圾拆解活动造成的32种PCBs的排放污染水平和特征进行了观测研究,并基于该观测数据对规模化拆解厂的职业环境空气呼吸暴露风险进行了评估.结果表明,拆解车间内外及农家对照点空气中32种PCBs总浓度(∑_(32)PCBs)(气相+颗粒相)范围为0.36～806.65 pg·m~(-3),均值为28.00 pg·m~(-3),总体呈现低氯代(二至四氯)PCBs浓度较高的特征;拆解作业车间内电子垃圾拆解活动导致的PCBs排放主要赋存于颗粒相中(65%),而车间外及农家对照点空气中的PCBs主要分配于气相,分别占比72%和94%;颗粒相PCBs在车间内外的分布特征表现为:四氯PCBs中PCB52、PCB49在PM_(1.0)中的浓度百分比较高,而其他PCBs主要分布在PM_(10)中.车间内外空气中四氯PCBs(气相+颗粒相)浓度最高,三氯PCBs浓度次之,推测主要源于电子垃圾拆解的生产排放;而对照点含有更高的二氯PCBs同族体,初步推测主要来源于上风向外区域PCBs的大气长距离迁移.采样期间规模化拆解厂车间内职业环境空气的呼吸暴露致癌风险(9.62×10~(-12))低于美国EPA的规定限值1.0×10~(-6),处于可接受水平.说明我国对电子垃圾产业的规模化建厂、规范化拆解作业及按环保要求的规范化管理措施对于拆解作业环境的保护、职业工人的健康保护具有积极的作用.但规模化拆解产业依然会带来一定程度的污染物排放,从而对周边环境带来生态风险及存在潜在的职业健康风险.     

Dechlorane plus (DP) in indoor and outdoor air of an urban city in South China: Implications for sources and human inhalation exposure

Dechlorane Plus (DP) is a chemical of emerging concern due to the restrictions on brominated flame retardant formulations. However, very little information is known about the occurrence of DP in indoor and outdoor air and its associated health risk to the exposed human population. In this study, we examined the concentrations and isomer profiles of DP in archived air samples collected from 14 homes, 6 offices, and 10 public microenvironments in Guangzhou, China in 2004–2005. The average (median) value of atmospheric ΣDP (sum of anti-DP and syn-DP) concentration in the three indoor air was 5.73 ± 5.33 (3.62) for offices, 8.08 ± 5.17 (6.87) for homes, and 57.27 ± 83.08 (32.58) pg/m³ for public microenvironments, respectively. ΣDP concentration was significantly higher in the public microenvironments than those in homes and offices. The arithmetic mean and median concentrations of ΣDP in outdoor air were 36.00 and 28.76 pg/m³, respectively. Spatially and temporally consistent indoor and outdoor samples comparison suggested that outdoor air might be a relevant source of DP for indoor air. Average anti-DP fractional abundance (f_anti = 0.65 ± 0.04) in all outdoor samples was similar to those reported in other studies and indistinguishable from that of the commercial mixture (f_anti = 0.65). In contrast, a relatively large variation of f_anti values was found in the indoor samples, suggesting a complex degradation process of DP existing in these microenvironments. The calculated average daily doses of ΣDP were in the range of 0.38–2.21 ng/day for people intake through air inhalation, which was in the same order of magnitude compared with other exposure pathways for the general publics.     

生活垃圾焚烧厂周边环境空气中PCDD/Fs含量及分布特征

对我国某工业区生活垃圾焚烧厂周边5km范围内14个采样点环境空气中四氯~八氯代二 英(2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs)含量及其组成特征进行了分析.结果表明该垃圾焚烧厂周边环境空气PCDD/Fs浓度的变化范围为1.74~15.2pg/m3(0.156~1.44pg I-TEQ/m3),均值为4.60pg/m3(0.426pg I-TEQ/m3),其中3个点位接近或超出日本环境空气质量标准限值(0.6pg I-TEQ/m3),表明某些区域处于一个较高的污染水平;最大浓度点位于焚烧设施下风方向1.3km处,与AERMOD预测的最大落地浓度位置一致.1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF和OCDD是空气中二 英质量浓度主要贡献因子,而2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF是毒性当量浓度的主要贡献因子.样品中二 英同族物分布的指纹特征显示出可能受MSWI源影响点位与非MSWI影响(或受此源影响较小)点位的区别.主成分分析(PCA)源解析结论与空间分布以及指纹特征分析结论基本一致,且更具体地判断MSWI的影响点位,在一定程度上说明了此方法的可靠性.二 英呼吸暴露剂量估算结果表明该区域人群二 英呼吸暴露风险总体处于较为安全的水平.     

Source identification of particulate matter and associated intake of elements through inhalation in an industrial area of Odisha,India

Particulate matter concentrations were measured in an industrial region in the Ganjam district of Odisha. The average levels of suspended particulate matter (SPM) were measured to be 142 ± 8 and PM₁₀ of particulate matter with a size of less than 10 micrometers (PM₁₀) to be 50 ± 15 μg m^?3. Out of the 14 elements determined, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, and K contributed more than 95% of the total weight. In enrichment factors, the trace elements, i.e., Zn, Pb, Cd, and Hg were observed to be highly enriched in the SPM and PM₁₀. Factor analysis indicates that more than 75% of the variance was due to five component factors, which have eigenvalues greater than 1. Intake of elements through inhalation route to adults has been estimated.     

Mutagenic and carcinogenic effects of cadmium†

There is limited evidence to suggest that certain compounds of cadmium may be mildly mutagenic. Some compounds of cadmium have given rise to fibrosarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma following subcutaneous or intramuscular injection in the rat and also to interstitial cell tumours of the testis as a sequel to cellular damage and testicular atrophy. Cadmium chloride aerosol inhalation has induced a high incidence of dose‐related lung cancer in the rat. Epidemiological observations suggest that mortality from prostatic and possibly from lung cancer has been increased in cadmium workers who had experienced the very high levels of cadmium, mainly as oxide dust or fume, which existed in the past. The more recent epidemiological studies have not added further evidence in support of the carcinogenic role of cadmium.     

Clinical and analytical follow‐up of 25 persons exposed accidentally to beryllium†

An accidental exposition of 25 persons to beryllium dust was used to follow up trace analytical and clinical parameters over a period of 10 months. Although no exposed person shows any symptoms of an acute beryllium intoxication, up to 5‐fold increased beryllium concentrations could be analysed in serum samples about 10 hours after exposition. The beryllium clearance shows a biological half time in the range of 2 to 8 weeks. The beryllium determination in the nanogram range was carried out using a combined method by flameless a.a.s. with a detection limit of 0.6 ppb Be and a relative standard deviation from 20 to 4% in relation to the concentration range of beryllium measurement.

Beryllium analyses are completed by thorax X‐ray, spirometry, y‐globulins and liver enzymes (SGOT, SGPT), which have shown no pathological values. Because it is known for beryllium to sensitize the cellular immune response, neopterin measurement was used to determine the activity of the immune system. Neopterin, a pteridine synthesized by activated macrophages after stimulation by gamma‐interferon derived from sensitized T‐lymphocytes, was determined in urine samples by HPLC combined with an fluorescence detector. Only in two cases a slight increase of neopterin has been found. As a result of this study it can be summarized, that a short‐time exposure to beryllium (10–20 h), which results in a increase of beryllium in serum to the fivefold normal beryllium level, does not initiate any symptoms of an acute beryllium intoxication. The exposed persons are controlled in future to evaluate the further course.