高通量测序法表征潜流人工湿地中不同植物根际细菌群落特征

为了研究人工湿地中植物根际、污水水质和深度等对细菌群落结构特征分布的影响,利用高通量测序技术,对人工湿地中芦苇(Phragmites communis)、香蒲(Typha orientalis Presl)2种植物根际3个不同深度细菌群落特征进行了研究.细菌群落丰富度和多样性研究结果表明,芦苇根际细菌群落丰富度和多样性均大于香蒲根际,细菌在芦苇根际周围可以更好地生存;同一植物根际细菌的丰富度和多样性随着深度的增加逐渐减少.相似度和差异性分析结果表明,相同植物根际细菌群落结构相似度较高,而不同根际群落结构有一定的差别.优势细菌菌群分析结果发现,细菌群落在门类水平上达到13门以上,优势细菌种群均以变形菌门、酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门、厚壁菌门为主,相对丰度约为55%~78%;纲类水平也达到20纲以上,主要有α-变形杆菌纲、β-变形菌、δ-变形菌纲、γ-变形菌纲、芽孢杆菌纲、酸杆菌纲、相对丰度达到50%以上,植物根际富集的主要纲类细菌是β-变形菌纲.影响细菌群落结构丰富度和多样性的主要环境因素是营养物浓度、植物、采样深度和温度.     

小尺度潮间带生态系统遥感综合评估方法构建

基于遥感技术,将生态系统格局、质量及服务功能等3方面集成起来,考虑尺度、受益者需求后,构建了小尺度潮间带生态系统遥感综合评估方法,解决了生态系统评估尺度转换及生态系统系统性评估弱的问题.基于构建的评估方法,以辽宁省双台子河口潮间带生态系统为研究区,定量评估了其在1990~2016年间的生态系统状况及变化趋势,结果表明研究区生态系统综合评估状况以差等级和中等级为主,有13.1%的像元呈显著减弱趋势,6.9%的像元呈显著增加趋势.综合评估结果能够定量反映研究区各地物类型的生态系统时空差异,符合受益者感受,并与前人研究成果一致,表明构建的生态系统综合评估方法具有可行性与应用潜力.     

Microbial methylation of mercury in the water-level fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China

正Methylmercury(MeHg)is an organic form of the global pollutant mercury(Hg)which readily accumulates in fish tissue.A majority of Hg methylation is a result of microbial activity and the abundance of inorganic Hg within the water reservoirs(Eckley et al.,2017).Compared to natural lakes and rivers,reservoirs have elevated Hg levels from the decomposition of recently flooded organic material which promote Hg     

生物炭添加对湿地植物生长及氧化应激响应的影响

在传统潜流人工湿地中,因氧气扩散过低,导致DO长期处于较低水平.当湿地植物长期处于缺氧甚至厌氧环境时,可造成膜脂质过氧化及蛋白质和DNA损伤.由于生物炭投加至人工湿地利于空气扩散进入湿地床体,改善湿地内部环境,为此,本试验在温室内构建5组潜流人工湿地,研究生物炭对湿地植物菖蒲(Acorus calamus L.,AC)的影响特征和机制.结果表明,生物炭能够显著增加湿地中AC体内光合色素含量,光合作用被激励,利于植物体内可溶性蛋白(SP)的积累和植物生物量的增加,同时生物炭能加强谷氨酰胺合酶(GS)的活力,增强植物体内氨氮(NH_4~+-N)的代谢,进而增强AC的比吸收速率,利于AC吸收去除NH_4~+-N.AC是一类对缺氧条件具有显著抵抗能力的湿地植物,但湿地长期缺氧或厌氧能对AC体内造成膜脂被氧化的不良影响,但生物炭添加能够缓解AC体内超氧化物和过氧化物的积累,显著降低AC体内丙二醛(MDA)的含量.     

生物炭对人工湿地植物根系形态特征及净化能力的影响

构建了菖蒲人工湿地,通过向人工湿地中加入小麦秸秆生物炭、芦苇生物炭及木屑生物炭以研究生物炭对人工湿地中植物根系形态、溶解氧及净化能力的影响.结果表明,加入3种生物炭能显著增加人工湿地中菖蒲根的总根长、总投影面积、总体积、总表面积、根尖数、分枝数和根干重以及人工湿地中的溶解氧含量(P0.05);其中加入木屑生物炭后,菖蒲根的根长、投影面积、表面积、总体积、根尖数、分枝数和根干重分别增加了96.1%、106.2%、185.6%、172.5%、75.3%、121.5%和84.9%.加入生物炭后,菖蒲根系形态与人工湿地中溶解氧含量、总氮去除率、总磷去除率和COD去除率间均显著正相关(P0.05).在水力负荷0.022 m3·(m2·d)-1时,加入木屑生物炭显著增加了人工湿地对总氮、总磷和COD的去除率(P0.05).木屑炭有效地促进了人工湿地中植物根系的生长,增加了人工湿地溶解氧含量,提高了人工湿地的净化能力.     

MODELING THE HYDROLOGIC IMPACTS OF FOREST HARVESTING ON FLORIDA FLATWOODS1

ABSTRACT: The great temporal and spatial variability of pine flat-woods hydrology suggests traditional short-term field methods may not be effective in evaluating the hydrologic effects of forest management. The FLATWOODS model was developed, calibrated and validated specifically for the cypress wetland-pine upland landscape. The model was applied to two typical flatwoods sites in north central Florida. Three harvesting treatments (Wetland Harvesting, Wetland + Upland Harvesting, and Control) under three typical climatic conditions (dry, wet, and normal precipitation years) were simulated to study the potential first-year effects of common forest harvesting activities on flatwoods. Long-term (15 years) simulation was conducted to evaluate the hydrologic impacts at different stages of stand rotation. This simulation study concludes that forest harvesting has substantial effects on hydrology during dry periods and clear cutting of both wetlands and uplands has greater influence on the water regimes than partial harvesting. Compared to hilly regions, forest harvesting in the Florida coastal plains has less impact on water yield.     

Effects of Agricultural Cultivation on Demographics of Southern High Plains Amphibians

Abstract:  Anthropogenic disturbance of landscapes surrounding wetlands is considered a factor in local and global amphibian declines. Few data exist on the effects of agricultural cultivation of wetland watersheds on amphibians, and results from previous studies are contradictory. Our objective was to test the effects of general anthropogenic land use (cultivation vs. grassland) on the demographics of seven species and three age classes of amphibians in the Southern High Plains of Texas. We partially enclosed 16 playa wetlands (4 per land use per year) with drift fences and pitfall traps and monitored relative daily abundance and diversity from 16 May to 17 October 1999 and 19 April to 18 August 2000. In general, relative abundance (i.e., average daily capture) of New Mexico and plains spadefoots (  Spea multiplicata, S. bombifrons ) was greater at cropland than grassland playas; the abundance of other species and diversity of the amphibian assemblage was not affected by land use. Also, abundance generally was greater in 1999 than 2000 for metamorph spadefoots and barred tiger salamanders ( Ambystoma tigrinum mavortium ). Differences in spadefoot abundance between land-use types may have been related to low species-specific vagility, resulting in increased nestedness within disturbed landscapes and reduced abundance of a potential keystone intraguild predator in cropland playas. The yearly difference in amphibian abundance was likely related to annual precipitation, which influenced wetland hydroperiod. Agricultural cultivation surrounding wetlands is associated with the increased abundance of some amphibian species, but other demographic and fitness parameters—such as temporal demographics, body size, and diet diversity—may be negatively affected.     

生态茶园建设与病虫害综合防治

综述了在茶树病虫害综合防治中生态学原理和农田生态系统科学理论的运用。强调以生态防治，即农业防治和生物防治为主，借助于各种农业技术和现代生物科学手段，在综合防治中尽量少用化学农药，以减少对环境的污染、农药残留及对天敌的伤害，维持茶园生态平衡。     

不同栽培模式下耕层土壤盐分演变规律研究

通过定位试验对有机栽培、无公害栽培和常规栽培模式下土壤盐分动态进行了研究。结果表明,有机栽培和无公害栽培模式中土壤盐分差异不显著,常规与无公害栽培模式中土壤盐分差异显著(F0.05=9.04),常规与有机栽培模式下的土壤盐分差异也极显著(F0.01=9.37)。常规栽培与无公害栽培环境中,全年土壤全盐量变化表现为两个积盐期:春季和秋季,以春季积盐最明显;有机栽培环境中,从7月份即出现了积盐过程,并且土壤全盐量变化趋势与气温变化基本一致。