非等压下考虑渗流和剪胀的圆巷围岩弹塑性统一解

对于富水地层中深埋圆形巷道,为研究多种因素影响下巷道围岩塑性区范围和洞周位移的变化规律,对巷道围岩进行了弹塑性理论分析。对围岩应力场和渗流场进行耦合分析,基于统一强度理论和非关联流动法则,推导出多种因素影响下深埋圆形巷道围岩应力、位移和塑性区半径的解析计算式。结合工程实例进行计算分析,结果表明:中间主应力参数、围岩侧压系数、初始孔隙水压和剪胀角对围岩塑性区径向位移和塑性区范围均有显著影响,但影响规律各不相同;考虑中间主应力作用时,其他各因素的影响效应减弱。综合考虑以上各因素对围岩稳定性的影响,计算结果更加接近工程实际情况。     

Consequential cognition: Exploring how attribution theory sheds new light on the firm‐level consequences of product recalls

It is unclear why some firms suffer greater negative consequences than others following a product recall. To shed light on this question, we extend attribution theory to the firm level to explore how consumers engage in an attributional process following product recalls that shapes their responses to firms. Integrating attribution theory and the demand side theoretical perspective, we assert that consumer judgments of responsibility toward manufacturers are shaped by causal data regarding the locus of causality (i.e., manufacturer or supplier) and controllability (i.e., prior knowledge or awareness) of a recalled product's potential for harm. We then examine the impact of product recall characteristics on judgments of responsibility and firm‐level outcomes using an experimental test involving responses from 320 subjects. Our findings suggest that judgments of responsibility are attributed to the manufacturing firm more when consumers are given causal information indicating that the firm is the source of, or is aware of, a product's defects. The results also indicate that judgments of responsibility can have costly firm‐level consequences in the form of reputational damage, diminished consumer purchase intentions, and increased legal damage recommendations. We discuss theoretical contributions, practical implications, and opportunities for further research.     

Provisional drivers' perceptions of the impact of displaying P plates

Objective: P plates (or decals) identify a driver's license status to other road users. They are a compulsory part of the graduated driver licensing system in Queensland, Australia, for drivers on a P1 (provisional 1) or P2 (provisional 2) license. This study explored the perceptions of young drivers regarding the display of P plates (decals) in Queensland, Australia.

Methods: In this study, 226 young drivers with a provisional (intermediate/restricted) license completed a 30-min online survey between October 2013 and June 2014. t Tests were used to compare the opinions of people who displayed their plates nearly always with those who displayed them less frequently.

Results: Participants approved of the requirement to display P plates with 69% of those on a P1 license and 79% on a P2 license supporting the condition to display P1 (red) plates. Participants on a P1 license (62%) and a P2 license (68%) also approved the requirement to display P2 (green) plates. However, young drivers also perceived that the display of P plates (measured from 1 = never to 5 = nearly all the time) enabled newly licensed drivers to be targeted by police and other drivers (those who do not always display P plates: M = 3.72, SD = 0.94; those who nearly always display P plates: M = 3.43, SD = 1.09).

Conclusions: The study findings suggest that participants who nearly always display their P plates are more likely to report that having to display their plates resulted in them driving more carefully.     

锰过氧化物酶(MnP)对农药毒死蜱降解的初步研究

以广泛使用的有机磷杀虫剂毒死蜱为研究对象,利用白腐菌P.sordida YK-624菌株所产锰过氧化物酶(MnP)对其进行生物降解的初步研究。首先比较确定了MnP降解毒死蜱所需要的降解体系,即对于毒死蜱的降解,需要在有机酸(丙二酸)存在的缓冲体系中进行,此体系不需要表面活性剂Tween 80,但必须含有Mn2+和葡萄糖氧化酶氧化葡萄糖产生的H2O2。随后对主要影响因素的试验结果表明,MnP降解毒死蜱较好的条件是在pH 4.5的丙二酸缓冲体系中含7.5 mmol/L MnSO4、2.5 mmol/L葡萄糖以及40 U葡萄糖氧化酶,温度30℃。此时,400 U/L的MnP可将30 mg/L的毒死蜱经3 d时间降解77.51%。同时,利用GC-MS对毒死蜱酶降解后的产物进行了初步分析,得到1种可能的酶解产物O,O,O’,O’-四乙基二硫代焦磷酸酯,不同于水解和细菌降解途径,值得进行进一步研究。     

元素-锶同位素技术在农产品原产地溯源中的应用

农产品质量安全及其产地溯源是当今世界共同关注的问题。国际上,将元素-同位素技术应用到农产品溯源领域正受到极大关注。通过研究农产品原产地土壤、岩石、降水及地表水等环境因子中元素-同位素组成与农产品之间的对应关系,可定位农产品原产地及其生长地域环境地球化学特征。目前,追溯农产品产地的技术方法存在同位素分馏效应,人为干扰因素...     

重庆渝北地区表层土壤硒含量分布与农业经济意义

通过对重庆渝北地区表层土壤网格化取样分析及岩、土、植物样的分析评价,阐述了Se元素的含量水平、空间分布与农业经济意义,并编制富硒土壤分布图。研究区表层土壤Se背景平均值为0.205mg.kg-1。土壤Se分布主要受地层、岩性及土壤对Se元素富集特性的控制。区内富硒土面积208.25km2,占全区11.57%,足硒土面积576km2,占全区32%。最具开发潜力的富硒土区为"北碚天府-工农-代家沟"一带(Ⅰ区),面积为36.8km2,富、足硒土次之(Ⅱ、III区),面积为110.3km2。富硒土区白菜、卷心菜等十字花科作物,水稻、玉米等粮食作物为富硒无公害或绿色农产品,具较大的农业经济意义。     

曝气时间对模拟豆制品废水处理效果影响

大豆营养丰富,保健功能强,其蛋白质含量高达36%以上,而胆固醇含量极低,因此已成为人们摄取植物性蛋白的主要来源之一。为了提高国民素质,根据《中国食物结构改革与发展纲要》,中国己于1996年9月正式启动了大豆行动计划,发展大豆生产,积极引导消费,鼓励国民特别是中小学生饮用豆奶,食用豆制品。随着大豆计划的实施,豆制品生产的供与求将越来越大,相应地其废水排放量也越来越大,因此豆制品废水的处理显得十分紧迫[1-4],采用厌氧好氧法处理模拟豆制品废水,考察曝气时间对厌氧处理后废水处理效果的影响。实验结果表明:进水COD为420 mg/L～580 mg/L,对废水中的COD、NH4+-N、PO34--P有较好的去除能力。该系统运行稳定,工艺可行。     

Anaerobic testosterone degradation in Steroidobacter denitrificans - Identification of transformation products

The transformation of the androgenic steroid testosterone by gammaproteobacterium Steroidobacter denitrificans was studied under denitrifying conditions. For the first time, growth experiments showed that testosterone was mineralized under consumption of nitrate and concurrent biomass production. Experiments with cell suspensions using [4-¹⁴C]-testosterone revealed the intermediate production of several transformation products (TPs). Characterisation of ten TPs was carried out by means of HPLC coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization as well as ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. 3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one (trans-androsterone) was formed in the highest amount followed by 5α-androstan-3,17-dione. The data suggests that several dehydrogenation and hydrogenation processes take place concurrently in ring A and D because no consistent time-resolved pattern of TP peaks was observed and assays using 2 TPs as substrates resulted in essentially the same TPs. The further transformation of testosterone in S. denitrificans seems to be very efficient and fast without formation of detectable intermediates.     

世界中低水平放射性废物处置设施现状及启示

随着核科学的飞速发展和应用,产生了大量的放射性废物,合理、安全的处置各类放射性废物,已成为世界各国刻不容缓的研究课题。各国已建或在建了许多中低水平放射性废物处置设施,这些设施的信息分散在各国的官方报告中,研究分析这些信息将对我国放射性废物的处置具有重要意义。本文通过调研大量资料,总结了世界核反应堆的现状(数据截止到2013年)；介绍了中低水平放射性废物处置发展概况；分析了世界各国中低水平放射性废物处置设施的现状(数据截止到2011年)；并对我国的中低放废物处置提出建议。为我国全面和正确的认识放射性废物处置,有的放矢的制定发展规划和开展相关研究提供了科学依据。     

我国石化行业温室气体排放源识别

依据《2006年IPCC（政府间气候变化专门委员会）国家温室气体清单指南》及《温室气体协议》，对我国石化行业温室气体排放源进行了识别。结合温室气体排放源范围的两种划分方法，为石化行业的主要生产部门--油气开采、原油炼制与加工、石化原料与制品制造编制了初步的温室气体排放源清单，并简要介绍了石化行业温室气体排放量的核算方法，为石化行业温室气体排放量核算体系的构建奠定基础。