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61.
Sexual conflict between mating partners can give rise to strategies that are advantageous for one sex but harmful to the opposite sex. Usually, sperm donors develop (offensive) traits to enhance their chances in sperm competition, while sperm recipients evolve (defensive) traits that allow them to stay in control of who fathers their offspring. Here, we demonstrate that these processes are also at work in simultaneous hermaphrodites. The hermaphroditic earthworm Lumbricus terrestris uses 40 to 44 copulatory setae to pierce into its partner's skin, causing damage and injecting a substance from its setal glands. Experimental injection of the gland substance indicates that a refractory period may be induced. More importantly, removal of the copulatory setae shows that they influence the partner's sperm uptake. When the setae are present, more sperm are taken up and sperm are distributed more equally over the four spermathecae. We interpret this as a strategy that stacks the odds for the donor's sperm in fertilizing cocoons.  相似文献   
62.
The leaf-curling spider Phonognatha graeffei incorporates a twisted leaf into the central hub of its orb-web that is used as a retreat. This species is unusual among orb-weaving spiders because males cohabit in the leaf retreat with both immature and mature females, mating with the former shortly after the female molts. Cohabitation appears to be a form of mate-guarding because cohabiting males respond agonistically to rival males that venture onto the web, and their behaviour depends upon the reproductive status of the female; males defending immature females are more aggressive than those defending virgin, adult females. Males copulate with previously mated females for significantly longer than with virgin females. Females may cannibalise cohabiting males, which occurs independently of whether the female has been deprived of food. Females that cannibalise a single male do not have a higher fecundity than non-cannibalistic females. Received: 2 February 1996 / Accepted after revision: 27 October 1996  相似文献   
63.
Patterns of sex ratio variation and maternal investment reported in the literature are often inconsistent. This could be due to intra- and inter-specific variation in social systems, but may also be a result of the a posteriori nature of much of this type of analysis or the testing of models which are inappropriate. Two recent papers reported directly opposed results concerning variation in offspring sex ratios in relation to maternal condition in roe deer, interpreting the results as support for the Trivers and Willard model and for the local resource competition hypothesis, respectively. In this paper, we present data on offspring sex ratios and early juvenile body weight from two long-term studies of this species to test predictions arising from these two models concerning sex biases in litter composition and maternal care. First, we observed no consistent pattern of sex differences in an index of weaning weight or body weight at 1 month old in either population, indicating a lack of sex bias in maternal care. However, in one population, higher maternal body weight was associated with higher juvenile body weight of daughters, but not of sons. Secondly, we found a negative, but not statistically significant, relationship between maternal body weight and litter sex ratio such that heavier females tended to produce more daughters and lighter females to produce more sons. These results indicate that roe females which have additional investment potential available do not invest it in sons, as predicted by the Trivers and Willard model. Our results may provide some support that roe deer are subject to local resource competition acting at the level of the individual mother; however, the fact that particular trends in sex ratio data can be explained in functional terms provides no indication that they are actually adaptive. Received: 9 December 1997 / Accepted after revision: 11 November 1998  相似文献   
64.
The importance of sexual selection in hybridization between species that evolved in allopatry is poorly understood. Even less is known about differences between populations in their resistance or susceptibility to genetic introgression with a congener. Here we examine behavioral differences between populations of the native Pecos pupfish (Cyprinodon pecosensis) and their potential effects in facilitating or retarding hybridization with an introduced congener, the sheepshead minnow (C. variegatus). We quantified competitive interactions, establishment of territories, and mating success of several naturally occurring C. pecosensis populations and an artificially created laboratory population (control) against C. variegatus. Experiments were conducted in large outdoor tanks during the summer months when high temperatures favor breeding activity in pupfish. C. pecosensis populations differed in agonistic behavior, territoriality, and in mating success when competing against C. variegatus. Differences in the competitive ability of males from different C. pecosensis populations suggest that the rate of introgression with C. variegatus may vary, depending on the population of C. pecosensis it comes in contact with. Our results suggest that large, stable C. pecosensis populations may be relatively resistant to hybridization with C. variegatus. Interpopulation variation in male behavior, shaped by sexual selection, may be important in determining the incidence and rate of hybridization between the two congeners. Experimental studies are a powerful tool in elucidating behavioral processes, such as the action of intrasexual selection, that facilitate or retard the coalescence of lineages through initial hybridization and subsequent genetic introgression after secondary contact between allopatric species.Communicated by M. Abrahams  相似文献   
65.
Socioecological theory suggests that between-group competition is an important factor affecting the nature of primate social relationships. Between-group encounters in macaques may involve female resource defense, male mate defense, and male resource defense. We observed between-group encounters in two groups (a forest group and a temple group) of bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata). We observed 102 encounters in 875 h of observation of the forest group (1.40 per 12-h day) and 58 encounters in 907 h of observation of the temple group (0.77 per 12-h day). Aggressive interactions between groups occurred in 32.4% and 29.3% of encounters in the forest and temple groups, respectively. Overall, we found little support for the female resource defense hypothesis. Females in both groups rarely participated aggressively in between-group encounters. We found support for the male mate defense hypothesis. For example, males of the forest group were more aggressive during encounters in the mating season than in the non-mating season. Males were also aggressive to females from their own group immediately following encounters. We also found partial support for the male resource defense hypothesis. Encounters in the forest group occurred in a feeding context more often than expected based on time budgets. Also, males in the temple group were more often aggressive in food-related encounters than in other encounters. The findings of this study suggest that socioecological models of primate social relationships need to distinguish male and female strategies during between-group encounters and integrate the resulting functional outcomes.Communicated by T. Czeschlik  相似文献   
66.
封育次生马尾松(Pinus massoniana)林优势种群竞争密度效应   总被引:8,自引:1,他引:8  
以退化红壤区封山育林植被恢复过程中优势种群马尾松为研究对象,研究不同恢复阶段马尾松种群竞争密度效应,并提出一个适用性更强的竞争密度效应模型.研究表明,退化红壤区植被恢复过程中优势种群马尾松竞争密度效应明显,优势种群平均胸径(D)、平均胸高断面积(S)、平均单株材积(V)、林分蓄积量 (M)与种群密度 (ρ)的竞争密度关系密切,达到极显著水平(α<0. 01);新竞争密度效应模型较前人模型描述C-D效应效果更理想,可在森林竞争密度效应研究中应用. 表 4参 19  相似文献   
67.
在低磷(1mg L-1)和适磷水平(10mg L^-1)下,分别以混合培养方式研究了粳稻京系17(Oryza sativa ssp.japonica)(JX17)和粘稻窄叶青8号(Oryza sativa ssp.indica)(ZYQ8)对磷营养的反应。结果表明,低磷胁迫下,JX17较ZYQ8吸收更多磷素,干物重也显著增加。相反,ZYQ8则受到更强的磷胁迫,吸磷量和干物重降低,主要是因为JX17具有较高的吸磷速度,单位根长吸磷量大,即根系高亲和力磷酸盐转运蛋白表达强,最大限度地吸收可能利用的磷素,从而改善植株营养状况,同时又有较多的磷被分配到根系,使根第,根表面积和根干重相应提高,进一步增加了其在低磷胁迫条件下的竞争磷营养的优势。图3表2参17  相似文献   
68.
杉木-观光木人工混交林竞争及邻体干扰指数研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
将杉木和观光木人工混交林中林木竞争影响空间划分为内、外两圈,在此基础上将竞争指数分解为不同的邻体干扰指数,对象木生长量与3种干扰指数的回归分析表明,以杉木为对象木时,利用张大勇提出的干扰指数模型(Izdy)效果最好;以观光木为对象木时,利用Weiner提出的干扰指数模型(Iwg)效果最好.同时,竞争强度研究表明,杉木种内竞争>杉木观光种间竞争>观光木种内竞争.通过对几种竞争影响的划分比较,说明将竞争空间分为内、外两圈能较好地反应林木的竞争规律.表3参17  相似文献   
69.
The causes and consequences of variation in sperm quality, survival and ageing are active areas of research in ecology and evolution. In order to address these topics, many recent studies have measured sperm viability using fluorescent staining. Although sperm viability staining has produced a number of interesting results, it has some potential pitfalls that have rarely been discussed. In the present paper, I review the major findings of ecology and evolution studies employing sperm viability staining and outline the method’s principle limitations. The key problem is that the viability assay may itself kill sperm, which is likely to confound many common experimental designs in addition to producing artificially low estimates of sperm viability. I further suggest that sperm number should be routinely measured in sperm viability studies, as it may be an important but overlooked source of spurious results. I provide methodological advice on sperm viability staining aimed at minimising artefacts and producing robust conclusions, and discuss possible avenues for future research. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.  相似文献   
70.
Kaibin Zhong  Xiaoli Lu 《Disasters》2018,42(3):590-612
The Paired Assistance to Disaster Affected Areas (PADAA) programme is a mutual aid initiative with Chinese characteristics, which speeded up the process of restoring and reconstructing regions affected by the Wenchuan earthquake on 12 May 2008. 1 The PADAA is an efficient instrument for catastrophe recovery, yet it remains a mysterious mechanism to many members of disaster management communities. This paper aims to lift the veil on it by assessing its origins and evolution. It draws on the multi‐level moderated competition model to explain how the PADAA functions within the Chinese administrative system. The country's top‐down political system allows the central authority to mandate provincial and local governments from more economically developed regions to assist devastated areas with post‐disaster reconstruction. The practices of local accountability complement vertical control by giving leaders from donor regions strong incentives to accomplish assigned reconstruction tasks, resulting in intense competition between them.  相似文献   
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