Distribution of bisphenol-A, triclosan and n-nonylphenol in human adipose tissue, liver and brain

In this study, an analytical method was optimized for the determination of bisphenol-A (BPA), triclosan (TCS) and 4-n-nonylphenol (4n-NP), environmental contaminants with potential endocrine disruptive activities, in human tissues. The method consisted of a liquid extraction step, derivatization with pentafluorobenzoylchloride followed by a clean-up on acidified silica and detection with gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-ECNI/MS). Recoveries ranged between 92% and 102% with a precision below 5%. Limits of quantification ranged between 0.3-0.4 ng g⁻¹, 0.045-0.06 ng g⁻¹ and 0.003-0.004 ng g⁻¹ for BPA, TCS and 4n-NP in different tissues, respectively. The method was applied for the determination of BPA, TCS and 4n-NP in paired adipose tissue, liver and brain samples from 11 individuals. BPA could be detected in almost all tissues, with the highest concentrations found in adipose tissue (mean 3.78 ng g⁻¹), followed by liver (1.48 ng g⁻¹) and brain (0.91 ng g⁻¹). TCS showed the highest concentrations in liver (3.14 ng g⁻¹), followed by adipose tissue (0.61 ng g⁻¹), while it could be detected in only one brain sample. Levels of 4n-NP were much lower, mostly undetected, and therefore 4n-NP is considered of minor importance for human exposure. Despite the measurable concentrations in adipose tissue, these compounds seem to have a low bioaccumulation potential. The reported concentrations of free BPA in the various tissues are slight disagreement with pharmacokinetic models in humans and rats and therefore the possibility of external contamination with BPA during sample collection/storage cannot be ruled out.     

Chemometric approach to evaluate element distribution in muscle,liver and fish bone of roach (Rutilus rutilus), silver bream (Blicca bjoerkna) and crucian carp (Carassius carassius) from Swarzędzkie Lake (Poland) using ICP-MS and FIAS-CVAAS techniques

The content of elements in fish tissues and organs from Swarz?dzkie Lake was investigated in order to evaluate the possible risk associated with their consumption by animals as well as humans. Samples of muscle, liver and fish bone of three fish species; roach (Rutilus rutilus), silver bream (Blicca bjoerkna) and crucian carp (Carassius carassius) were collected from seine catches undertaken as part of the biomanipulation of Swarz?dzkie Lake. Element concentration (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn) was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), with the exception of Hg where the flow injection analysis system cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry (FIAS-CVAAS) was applied. The study indicated a large variation in the occurrence of the investigated elements in different parts of the fish body. The highest content of Al and Zn was stated in all fish organs for each fish species. The majority of the applied statistical and chemometric methods (e.g., PCA, CA) refer to roach since we had a large number of data for this species. The obtained results were assessed in terms of their accuracy and precision using certified reference material of Fish Muscle ERM BB422.     

镧对镉胁迫下菜豆(Phaseolus vulgaris)幼苗生长的影响

以菜豆(Phaseolus vulgaris)为实验材料,以水培方法研究了La对Cd抑制对菜豆幼苗生长与代谢的影响.结果表明,在30μmol·L^-1Cd剂量伤害下,菜豆的生长受到严重抑制,主要表现为株高、主根长下降31.1%和39.2%,叶面积、叶、茎、根的鲜重、干重分别降低48.0%,42.7%、29.6%、25.0%、26.7%、61.3%、49.4%.在50μmol·L^-1Cd剂量伤害下,其生理生化特性发生变化,叶绿素含量、根系活力下降23.5%和28.7%,质膜透性、MDA含量、CAT和POD活性增加5.58%、28.6%、0.6%、7.0%,且随Cd处理时间的延长,伤害加重.叶面喷施10 mg·L^-1 La 1次,对镉污染下的菜豆幼苗的生长与代谢有一定的缓解效应,可减轻镉对幼苗的伤害程度.这与La能提高菜豆幼苗叶绿素含量(30.0%),降低细胞膜透性(0.87%)和MDA含量(9.5%),维持CAT(0.1%)和POD活性(1.6%)等多重作用相关.     

Heavy metal analysis in fish‐kill cases in rivers in Guipuzcoa (Spain)∗

Some fish‐kills in Basque rivers were studied by gill tissue analysis: Samples were wet digested and the solution was analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. In three cases, the cause was linked to the effluents of an aluminium anodizing factory, cyanide caused one kill and copper wastes were related with another. Three cases were attributed to natural reasons and one of the kills was of unknown origin.     

Acute effects of low-dose cypermethrin on male rat cells

Effects of synthetic pyrethroid insecticide α-cypermethrin were investigated following intradermal dose (5–50 mM) of cypermethrin to male albino Wistar rats. Glucose, protein, cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, uric acid, creatinine, hemoglobin, blood RBC, and WBC content were determined 6 h after pesticide administration. Biochemical parameters and blood cell count changed significantly in treated rats at all doses. Low-dose cypermethrin affected early biochemical changes in rats.     

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in different tissues of the cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) from Dongting Lake, China

Tissue distribution provides important information regarding the pharmacokinetic behavior of pollutants and is invaluable when analyzing the risk posed to avian species by the exposure to such kind of pollutants. In this study, concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) were determined in muscle, liver, spleen, kidney, stomach, gall bladder, skin, heart, pancreas, intestine and lung tissue extracts of cormorants collected from Dongting Lake, China. Tissue distribution results showed preferential accumulation of PCDD/Fs in both liver and skin. The total concentration of PCDD/Fs ranged from 421 to 5696 pg/g lipid weight. Octachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) was the predominant congener in all tissues and contributed between 31% and 82% to all 17 PCDD/Fs in different tissues. The liver/muscle ratios progressively increased with the degree of chlorination of PCDDs, except for OCDD. The relative toxic potential of PCDDs and PCDFs in tissues were calculated using the World Health Organization (WHO) Toxic Equivalency Factors (TEFs) for birds. The concentrations of WHO-toxic equivalent in different tissues ranged between 14.8 and 2021 pg/g lipid weight. These results indicated PCDD/Fs may have been bio-accumulated in cormorant via food-web. Furthermore, when compared with studies reported in the literatures, the PCDD/Fs levels in the cormorant collected from Dongting Lake were still relatively high.     

中国保护水生生物的甲基汞水质标准制订初探

甲基汞是具较强生物有效性和毒性的有机汞形态,其具有高生物累积性和生物放大效应,能对水生态系统中高营养级生物产生极高的危害,对脊椎动物造成神经毒性、内分泌干扰和生殖毒性等。我国不同环境介质(水、沉积物和生物体组织)中均检测到了甲基汞的存在。传统的水质基准仅依据水环境中水生生物急慢性毒性数据推导得到,未考虑污染物的生物有效性和生物累积性,采用该水质基准可能会对水生态系统造成欠保护。组织浓度是累积性物质生物有效性的直接体现,使用基于组织浓度的毒性数据推导水质基准进而确定水质标准,科学性更强,能更加合理、可靠地保护水生态系统。综述了甲基汞暴露最新毒性研究,在此基础上,采用物种敏感度分布法计算了甲基汞基于组织浓度的基准值为23.15 μg/kg,确定了其保护水生生物的水质基准值为0.12 ng/L,由此推导了其适合我国水环境的水生生物水质标准值为0.35 ng/L。研究结果可为甲基汞水质基准向水质标准的转化及生物累积性物质的水环境质量管理提供思路和支持。     

邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯单独暴露及与褪黑素联合作用对小鼠脑组织损伤研究

人类神经系统成熟的海马神经元细胞不能进行复制与自我修复,导致了神经系统易受到环境污染物损伤的风险.邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯(Diisonyl phthalate,DINP)是一种增塑剂替代产品,类雌激素作用较弱,正受到欧盟的推广使用.虽然目前已有一些研究表明了DINP的毒性,但有关其神经毒性的体内研究国内还较少.因此,本研究探讨了DINP单独暴露及与褪黑素联合作用对小鼠脑组织的影响.行为学分析显示,经灌胃200 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)的DINP会导致小鼠行为学出现明显变化;脑组织病理学观察、免疫组化分析(半胱氨酸蛋白酶3(Caspase-3)、胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP))、氧化应激水平检测(活性氧簇(ROS)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-OH-d G)、DNA-蛋白质交联(DPC))、炎症水平检测(肿瘤坏死因子ɑ(TNF-ɑ)、白介素1β(IL-1β))结果显示,小鼠脑组织海马区出现了病理学损伤,氧化应激和炎症水平上升(p0.01).DINP处理后予以50 mg·kg-1·d-1的褪黑素可以降低氧化应激水平,对小鼠脑组织海马区起到保护作用.以上数据表明,实验剂量(200 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1))DINP处理后可以导致小鼠脑组织损伤,同时予以褪黑素可以在一定程度上缓解这种损伤.     

磷石膏浸出液对斑马鱼的急性毒性及氧化应激损伤

以斑马鱼(Danio rerio)为受试鱼种,研究了磷石膏浸出液对水生生物的急性毒性及亚致死浓度下对斑马鱼肝脏、肌肉和鳃中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)和丙二醛(MDA)的影响,以及96 h后肝脏和鳃组织病理变化.结果表明,磷石膏浸出液中总磷、氟化物和Cd、Cr、Pb、Hg...