Social and situational dynamics surrounding workplace mistreatment: Context matters

In our introduction to this special issue, we explain why understanding the social and situational context around workplace mistreatment is important. We then provide summaries of the six articles in this special issue and conclude by identifying three key themes—social interpretation, recursive nature of mistreatment, and beyond the dyad—and some important directions for future research.     

Measuring landscape integrity (LI): development of a hybrid methodology for planning applications

Landscape integrity data-sets represent a measure of a landscape's naturalness, or its inverse, the level of human modification. Generally referred to as human footprint modeling, a hybrid approach was developed here by incorporating distance, density, and spatially explicit fuzzy logic methods for quantifying the impacts of anthropocentric infrastructure on the landscape. Integrity scores varied markedly across this large and heterogeneous landscape. A comparative analysis among peer data products revealed that this model exhibited the highest level of correlation when compared to an independently derived expert survey of expected scores. Moreover, differences in correlation were found to be statistically significant in two cases indicating robust model performance. Data products such as these may be leveraged to quantify the nature and extent of human modifications on the landscape, identify highly natural areas for conservation purposes, and may serve as an overarching umbrella for guiding and coordinating large and local-scale planning efforts.     

Effects of landscape transformation on bird colonization and extinction patterns in a large‐scale,long‐term natural experiment

Conversion of agricultural land to forest plantations is a major driver of global change. Studies on the impact of forest plantations on biodiversity in plantations and in the surrounding native vegetation have been inconclusive. Consequently, it is not known how to best manage the extensive areas of the planet currently covered by plantations. We used a novel, long‐term (16 years) and large‐scale (30,000 ha) landscape transformation natural experiment (the Nanangroe experiment, Australia) to test the effects of land conversion on population dynamics of 64 bird species associated with woodland and forest. A unique aspect of our study is that we focused on the effects of plantations on birds in habitat patches within plantations. Our study design included 56 treatment sites (Eucalyptus patches where the surrounding matrix was converted from grazed land to pine plantations), 55 control sites (Eucalyptus patches surrounded by grazed land), and 20 matrix sites (sites within the pine plantations and grazed land). Bird populations were studied through point counts, and colonization and extinction patterns were inferred through multiple season occupancy models. Large‐scale pine plantation establishment affected the colonization or extinction patterns of 89% of studied species and thus led to a comprehensive turnover in bird communities inhabiting Eucalyptus patches embedded within the maturing plantations. Smaller bodied species appeared to respond positively to plantations (i.e., colonization increased and extirpation of these species decreased in patches surrounded by plantations) because they were able to use the newly created surrounding matrix. We found that the effects of forest plantations affected the majority of the bird community, and we believe these effects could lead to the artificial selection of one group of species at the expense of another.     

Framing the relationship between people and nature in the context of European conservation

A key controversy in conservation is the framing of the relationship between people and nature. The extent to which the realms of nature and human culture are viewed as separate (dualistic view) or integrated is often discussed in the social sciences. To explore how this relationship is represented in the practice of conservation in Europe, we considered examples of cultural landscapes, wildlife (red deer, reindeer, horses), and protected area management. We found little support, for a dualistic worldview, where people and nature are regarded as separate in the traditional practice of conservation in Europe. The borders between nature and culture, wild and domestic, public land and private land, and between protected areas and the wider landscape were blurred and dynamic. The institutionalized (in practice and legislation) view is of an interactive mutualistic system in which humans and nature share the whole landscape. However, more dualistic ideals, such as wilderness and rewilding that are challenging established practices are expanding. In the context of modern day Europe, wilderness conservation and rewilding are not valid for the whole landscape, although it is possible to integrate some areas of low‐intervention management into a wider matrix. A precondition for success is to recognize and plan for a plurality of values concerning the most valid approaches to conservation and to plan for this plurality at the landscape scale.     

Pilgrimage route recovery in an industrial landscape

Pilgrimage is an activity having a long tradition within the European historical context, and it has contributed to the overall spiritual aspect of European landscapes. Since the nineteenth century, however, the mining industry has strongly transformed many of those landscapes. The intangible cultural and spiritual values have been neglected in the process of mine rehabilitation. The aim of the present paper is to introduce a methodological approach to recovering the pilgrimage tradition in a post-mining landscape. The approach was developed in a case study regarding recovery of the Czech Republic's Osek–Mariánské Rad?ice pilgrimage route. Applying the principles of preservation, paraphrasing, evocation, and a new structure, the methodological framework for pilgrimage route recovery was designed and a variety of methodological issues regarding conflict between industrialism and the holy spirit of the original landscape were addressed.     

基于遥感和Markov模型的新疆生产建设兵团土地利用变化

通过对兵团土地利用空间格局变化分析,选择合适的土地利用政策保护生态环境。运用RS和GIS技术对兵团近10年土地利用/覆被变化及景观格局空间变化进行分析,并在此基础上运用Markov模型对未来30年土地利用变化进行预测。2000—2010年,新疆生产建设兵团景观多样性升高,连通性增强,形状愈来愈简单,景观格局整体变化不大;草地、灌丛、湿地、荒漠和冰川/永久积雪面积减少,耕地和城镇面积增加,森林保持稳定;人为干扰对土地利用结构的变化具有重要作用,土地利用强度受人为活动影响的同时受土地利用政策影响;在未来30年间耕地和城镇面积继续增加,除森林基本保持不变外其他土地利用类型均减小。兵团城镇用地与草地和耕地之间的矛盾逐渐显现,势必引起兵团生态格局的变化。因此,必须实行合适的土地利用政策保护环境。     

Rehabilitation and improvement of Guilin urban water environment：Function-oriented management

Economic development and population growth have deeply damaged the urban water environment of Guilin City, China. Main problems involved structural damage and functional deterioration of the urban waters. An integrated technical scheme was developed to rehabilitate the urban water environment and to enhance the waters' functions during 1998-2008. Improvement of waters' functions included water system reconstruction, water pollution control, water safety assurance, and aquatic ecological restoration. The water system was reconstructed to connect different waters and clean water supplies to the lakes. Moreover, water pollution was controlled to improve water quality by endogenous pollutant elimination and extraneous pollutant interception. In addition, ecological measures put in place serve to enhance water system functions and better benefit both nature and humans. The project has brought about sound ecological, economic and social benefits in Guilin City, which can potentially be extended to similar cities.     

上海市城市热岛景观格局演变特征研究

城市热岛空间格局特征及其内在驱动机制的研究可为缓解城市热岛效应、城市规划与产业布局提供科学依据,目前这方面研究还比较少,相关机制并没有得到完全的揭示。该研究以上海市为研究对象,采用1987、1996、2002和2010年4景Landsat TM/ETM+遥感影像,对城市地表温度进行了反演与分级。借助景观格局指数,分析了上海市城市热岛景观格局时空演变特征。结果表明:随着1987-2010年上海市不断城市化,各级热岛景观类型斑块数量持续增加,高等级的城市热岛景观类型面积也持续增加,整个城市热岛景观趋于破碎化。热岛景观总体聚集度下降,连通性下降,但是低等级热岛景观向高等级热岛景观转移的面积逐渐增加,景观类型之间面积差异逐渐减小,景观均匀度和多样性增加。城市化过程中,人口数量的增加和经济的快速发展对城市热岛景观格局的形成和演变具有重要的影响。研究结果揭示了城市热岛格局随城市化进程的时空演变特征,可以为制定有效的热岛效应缓解措施提供参考依据。     

景观认知偏好及其人群差异性分析

以武汉市后官湖地区为例,采用层次分析法(AHP)测试了人们对该区域内3种景观类型、12类景观元素的认知偏好情况,并初步分析了景观认知偏好的人群差异性。结果表明:(1)样本人群对不同的景观类型和景观元素表现出不同程度的偏好,并且普遍偏好自然景观(尤其是包含水体和与树木有关的景观元素),其次是半自然景观,最次是人工景观;(2)不同个体对于自然景观的认知偏好表现出明显的差异性,而对于人工景观,样本人群的认知偏好评价较为一致;(3)样本人群的性别、年龄、地区、受教育程度、职业及专业背景均会对个体的景观认知偏好产生不同程度的影响,影响程度从大到小依次为:年龄、职业、地区、专业背景、受教育程度、性别;(4)通过对样本人群个体差异性分析结果,最为偏好自然景观的人群大致具有以下特征:女性、小于45岁、居住在城市地区、大学及以上受教育程度、从事室内工作、具有景观或设计相关专业知识。     

大连北三市土地利用景观格局及其生态环境效应

以大连市北部的县级市瓦房店市、普兰店市和庄河市为研究区,引用2005年土地利用矢量数据,选用生态意义较明确的景观特征指数,对大连北三市土地利用景观格局及其生态环境效应进行比较分析。揭示土地利用景观格局对生态环境的影响。