REFORESTATION WITH CONIFERS - ITS EFFECT ON STREAMFLOW IN CENTRAL NEW YORK1

During the early 1930's, more than 340,000 acres of abandoned farmland in New York State were purchased by the State Conservation Department for the planting, growing, and harvesting of trees. Since then, this land has developed from a heavy cover of weeds and brush into dense coniferous woodlands with trees averaging well over 30 feet high. Hydrologic data have been collected since 1932 in Central New York to determine the effect of the reforestation on streamflow. Data are available for three small partly reforested areas and for one non-reforested control area. Intensive statistical analyses of the data from the four study areas were made in 1958. It was determined at that time that significant reductions in total runoff had occurred which were attributed to increases in interception and transpiration. Reductions in peak discharges during the dormant season also were indicated which were attributed to increased interception and sublimation of snowfall, and gradual desynchronization of snowmelt runoff from the wooded and open areas of partly reforested watersheds. Updating of the studies relating to peak discharges was completed in 1967 and indicated that no further changes in relative peaks had taken place since 1958. From this it is concluded that the influence exerted by the forest had become maximum by 1958 and has remained stable since then.     

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF REGIONAL SEWERAGE SYSTEMS1

ABSTRACT: A few years ago, many water quality administrators were convinced that large regional sewerage systems, consisting of one large treatment plant and long trunk sewers extending out to various communities, represented the only efficient and economical means of assuring water quality control. In communities favoring rapid development, the provision of sewer service and encouragement of development of new centers along the trunk sewers offered an additional advantage. More recently quite different points of view are arising in certain areas. In parts of New Jersey strong environmental and community resistance has arisen to proposed central plant-trunk sewer systems. The facilitation of new development along the trunk sewers is viewed as a menace by townships not wanting intensive development of these areas. The diversion of effluent flows to trunk sewers rather than septic tanks would dry up the streams which water quality programs are supposed to protect. Both sides to the controversy have mobilized engineering, environmental, economic, and legal expertise and some critical policy issues have developed. Reconsideration of regional sewerage management and particularly trunk sewer policy is required. The decision as to extent of sewerage service areas involves complex and sensitive planning issues. Because of potential conflicts of interest, such decisions should not be left to staffs of sewerage authorities and their design engineers.     

DETERMINATION OF UNGAGED TRIBUTARY FLOWS AND INTERSEGMENTAL RESERVOIR FLOWS USING SPREADSHEET SOFTWARE1

ABSTRACT: Spreadsheet software was utilized on two related large scale trial and error problems. Gaged streamflow data and known reservoir volumes were used to construct a daily continuity balance in order to estimate the daily mean flows from ungaged portions of a study watershed over one year. Watershed yield coefficients were determined for two diverse types of watersheds with and without significant ground water contribution. Subsequently, a spreadsheet template was devised to ensure than an EPA supported water quality model, WASP, would successfully model the actual segmental volumes of a flood control reservoir. Inlet, outlet, and intersegmental advective flows were determined on a two week average basis using a continuity balance, segmental routing, and known segmental volumes. The protocols described relate the use of microcomputers to the resolution of hydraulic and hydrologic problems requiring iterative solutions.     

Circuit riding for managing small community sewage systems

Providing wastewater treatment services for small communities can be expensive, so many communities have chosen part-time or inadequately trained operators. This can result in neglect and poor plant performance. Indiana County, Pennsylvania, in the USA, has established an authority to provide operation and maintenance through a circuit riding arrangement. Two operators travel to eight plants five days a week. This has resulted in more consistent operation and maintenance at affordable rates. Homeowners pay $12.60–$18.00 and commercial customers pay $25–$150 a month. Even with regular attention, these small plants are not able to meet their effluent requirements at all times.     

ON AN ECONOMIC VALUATION OF THE COLUMBIA-SNAKE RIVER COMPLEX1

This paper is an effort to establish a lower bound on the economic value of the Columbia and Snake Rivers to the State of Washington, so as to assess the economic consequences of diversion of waters of these rivers to other geographic regions. The uses recognized in this paper are for power generation and irrigation, although the dynamic-programming model constructed is capable of incorporating, with minor changes, returns from other uses of the rivers when the economic data can be obtained.     

环空带压气井保护液液位测试方法研究

为了有效检测环空保护液位,评估气井环空带压情况,在传统回声法检测的基础上,提出了基于频谱分析及自相关分析的2种液位检测方法;搭建了液位检测试验系统,开展了不同环空压力下的液位检测试验,计算了不同压力下的环空声速;设计了FIR低通滤波器对液面回波信号进行滤波处理,同时利用了上述2种方法计算液位值并与实际值及传统液位计算方法对比,得出了声衰减系数并评判了衰减过程对液面回波信号频谱分析的影响程度。研究结果表明:设计的FIR低通滤波器适用于所建液位检测试验的滤波处理过程;频谱分析及自相关分析都能够有效检测液位高度,最大误差分别为1.65%和0.61%,自相关分析方法具有更高的精确度;声衰减系数整体较小,对液面回波信号频谱分析结果影响较小。     

低压下不同新型清洁气体灭火剂抑灭21700型锂离子电池火研究

为探究在航空运输低压环境下Novec1230（全氟己酮）和2-BTP（2-溴-3,3,3三氟丙烯）2种新型清洁气体灭火剂扑灭和抑制空运锂离子电池火的效果,基于动压变温实验舱,自主设计了适用于气体灭火剂的实验灭火装置;在40,60,80 kPa 3种环境压力梯度下开展灭火实验,分析了施加2种灭火剂前后锂电池表面温度变化和灭火过程中的实验现象。结果表明:低压下2-BTP和Novec1230均能有效降低锂离子电池火焰中自由基浓度,快速扑灭明火;2-BTP的降温和抑制温升效果明显优于Novec1230,能更好地抑制锂电池之间的连锁热失控。研究结果可为新一代机载灭火剂的选择提供参考。     

基于Fluent的城镇中低压燃气管线喷射火事故的后果研究

为了对城镇中低压燃气管线喷射火事故进行有效的风险评估,根据典型事故案例创建了城镇路面埋地燃气管线泄漏场景,建立模型并划分网格,使用Fluent进行模拟计算,得到了不同泄漏口孔径、不同泄漏口形状、不同管内压力等工况下喷射火的火焰长度、火焰中心面温度分布和临近区域内的热流密度,并通过分析不同工况下的火焰形态和热辐射分布,探讨初始条件对事故后果的影响程度。结果表明:此类型喷射火长度可达数十米,火焰最高温度为2 000 K左右,最高温度位置的高度不超过火焰长度的30%;下风向的热流密度较其他方向更强;在50 mm的泄漏口孔径和0.38 MPa的管内压力下,泄漏口为梭子形,较泄漏口为圆形时的热流密度在下风向整体大15.2%。最后,根据模拟结果构建了快速风险评估模型。     

汽车EPS系统的行车工况补偿控制策略

针对汽车在常见转向工况时转向的操纵性和安全性不足问题,提出将常见工况补偿控制策略融合到汽车EPS助力控制中,将汽车速度、汽车质量、方向盘左右晃动考虑在内,设计了高速避让、低速满载、颠簸路面3种补偿控制策略;并理论分析加入高速避让、低速满载、颠簸路面3种补偿策略后,方向盘、齿条位移和汽车横摆角速度增减值的变化;最后,通过搭建汽车EPS系统模型和二自由度汽车模型进行仿真验证。仿真结果表明,采用补偿控制策略后,汽车在高速、低速大重量及于凹凸不平的路面行驶时,助力电机目标电流的获取与汽车行驶的内外环境紧密相连,且可随行车条件的改变而适时改变,使汽车EPS系统具有了更好的操纵性和安全性。