核废料储罐表面化学环境长期演变预测

通过对国内外的核废料处置库环境试验监测及预测模型的调研,总结了核废料储罐在直接填埋、缓冲/回填和加混凝土缓冲层等埋藏方式下的表面环境变化,主要包括氧含量、缓冲材料的孔隙液成分及pH值,为我国核废料储库环境下储罐表面重要的腐蚀演变研究提供了参考。     

核电厂大型自然通风冷却塔对气载流出物扩散的影响

为深入研究大型自然通风冷却塔及其湿热羽对内陆核电厂气载流出物扩散影响,应用计算流体力学软件STAR-CCM+提供的k-ε湍流模型模拟了单一冷却塔的运行和停机对不同位置、不同释放高度污染物扩散的影响,结果表明：当释放高度为10m,释放点位于停机冷却塔迎风侧时,释放点下风向的地面轴线弥散因子相比于没有冷却塔时普遍降低1/3~1/2.当释放高度为75m,冷却塔运行时,若释放点位于冷却塔迎风侧时,轴线弥散因子相比于没有冷却塔时普遍增大1~2倍;若释放点位于冷却塔背风侧,则相比于没有冷却塔时普遍降低约1/2.当冷却塔停机时,无论75m高度释放点位于迎风侧还是背风侧,其轴线弥散因子均高于没有冷却塔时.当迎风侧释放高度达到150m时,在释放点下风向约800m的范围内,冷却塔湿热羽使得轴线弥散因子显著增大,但到了800m范围以外,冷却塔湿热羽使得轴线弥散因子减小.     

核电厂厂址保护范围与要求探讨

核电厂厂址选择需要综合考虑各种自然和人为因素,一种宝贵的稀缺资源,考虑核电的长远规划,为防止由于人为因素使核电厂厂址及其周围环境条件遭到破坏,有必要采取有效的措施对核电厂厂址实施保护。核电厂厂址保护内容主要涉及核电厂安全、事故应急条件以及环境相容性等方面,保护范围可分为拟征地范围和非居住区、规划限制区、外围地带等,其中拟征地范围和非居住区是厂址保护中最为核心的区域,应当予以重点保护。通过对相关的保护范围和要求展开探讨,以期对今后核电厂厂址确定相关保护范围和要求具有一定的参考意义。     

硒与硫单一及交互作用对小白菜生长及硒生物有效性的影响

用土培盆栽试验研究了硫酸盐、硒酸盐单一及交互作用对小白菜生长及其硒生物有效性的影响.结果表明,单施硒时,适量硒(≤1.0 mg·kg~(-1))能促进小白菜地上部的生长,表现为小白菜株高和地上部干重分别较不施硒对照处理增加了8.4%和22.1%(p0.05),但高剂量硒(≥2.5 mg·kg~(-1))却抑制其生长,小白菜株高和地上部干重分别较对照减少了0.4%、14.2%(2.5 mg·kg~(-1)Se)和15.8%、50.3%(5.0 mg·kg~(-1)Se).小白菜的根系对硒酸盐的胁迫更为敏感,单施硒处理小白菜根长和地下部干重均低于对照处理,且抑制作用随外源硒添加量的增加而增大,外源硒添加量为1.0、2.5、5.0 mg·kg~(-1)处理的小白菜的根长和地下部干重分别较对照下降了20.5%、28.3%、49.4%和29.2%、24.2%、58.5%.施硫能减缓硒对小白菜的胁迫,表现为相同硒剂量下,小白菜根长、地上和地下部干重均随外源硫剂量的增大而增加.另外,施硫处理小白菜叶绿素含量均显著高于相同硒剂量下的无硫处理,过氧化物酶活性却相反.相同硫剂量下,小白菜硒含量随外源硒添加量的增大而显著增大(p0.05),且地上部对硒的吸收和富集能力均显著大于地下部(p0.05).与此不同,施硫显著抑制小白菜对硒的吸收与富集(p0.05),小白菜地上、地下部硒含量和富集系数(BCFSe-shoot、BCFSe-root)均随外源硫剂量的增大而减小.小白菜生物量与其体内硒含量、硒富集系数呈显著负相关.由此可见,硫酸盐是通过抑制硒吸收和富集及调控小白菜自身的生理代谢来减缓硒酸盐对小白菜生长的胁迫.硫酸盐与硒酸盐的相互作用受硫剂量、硒剂量及植株部位的影响.     

Assessment of indoor radiation level in the environs of the uranium deposit area of West Khasi Hills District,Meghalaya, India

An estimation of the indoor background radiation dose distribution was carried out in dwellings of eleven villages located within and around the uranium mineralization area of Kylleng-Pyndensohiong, Mawthabah in West Khasi Hills District of Meghalaya, India. The ambient indoor gamma radiation level was monitored using Thermo Luminescence Dosimeters (TLDs) while the indoor radon and thoron concentration was measured using twin-cup dosimeters employing Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (SSNTDs). Results obtained from the study reveals that the local inhabitants of villages located close to the mining site receive higher doses than those inhabitants of villages located at a much farther distance from the mining site. The average total annual effective dose was found to be varying from 1.2 mSv y⁻¹ in the village of Langpa to 3.4 mSv y⁻¹ in the village of Nongbah Jynrin. The data obtained will serve as a reference in documenting changes to environmental radioactivity if mining is to be carried out in the future.     

Willing and able: explaining individuals' engagement in environmental policy making

Research on attitudes toward environmental policy making has often overlooked the important role that risks play in forming individual attitudes towards the environment. Similarly, this research often assumes that the factors that affect attitudes are similar across different environmental domains. The purpose of this research is to examine how the factors that affect an individual's willingness to get involved in environmental policy making differ on two environmental issues – nuclear power and drinking water. The study utilises multivariate statistical techniques to explore the relationship that uncertainty, risk, and trust play in an individual's willingness to take action in environmental policy making. The data consist of responses to a national random telephone survey of 403 adults in the United States. The individuals surveyed are more likely to take action on the less avoidable potential threat of nuclear power than they are on drinking water. The respondents believe that the potential harm from nuclear power is greater than that from drinking water. The individuals most likely to take action are those who indicate that they are interested in environmental issues.     

Detection of phosphorus species in sediments of artificial landscape lakes in China by fractionation and phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Phosphorus (P) pollution in the sediments of seven artificial landscape lakes was studied via fractionation and phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance ((31)P NMR) spectroscopy. The lake sediments accumulated significant amounts of P from supplementation with reclaimed water and from runoff from the golf course lawns. The differences in total sediment P among lakes were correlated to the varied pollution extent from the lawns. One striking feature of the artificial lake sediments was the insufficiency of NaOH-extracted Al, which plays an important role in avoiding internal P release during anoxia. Another characteristic was the dominance of orthophosphate in the NaOH-EDTA extractants of the sediments, due to the heavy external P pollution. Phytate, considered prevalent in many soils and lake sediments, as well as polyphosphates and phosphonates which have appeared in some natural lake sediments, was not detected. The rank order of present biogenic P species was monoester-P>DNA-P>pyrophosphate>lipid-P.     

油桐尺蠖病毒杀虫剂的药效分析

油桐尺蠖核型多角体病毒（BsSNPV）是一种高致病力的病毒株，生物测定nPIB（LC50）=1．657×104mL．经过全国7个省20多个单位联合试验，生物统计结果表明：BsSNPV防治第1代油桐尺蠖虫口下降率为97．2％；防治第2代油桐尺蠖虫口下降宰为93．97％；F测验其t值为0．184，小于理论t0．05（29）＝2．045．优于敌百虫、DDVP、辛硫磷和BT等农药是一种杀虫效果稳定、使用安全、经济有效的生物杀虫剂．     

海洋核动力平台核事故应急监测策略研究综

综述了国外核事故应急监测策略研究进展,以及我国在核应急监测法规标准、应急监测方法、应急辐射环境监测技术等方面的研究现状,从海洋核动力平台的法规标准、应急监测方案、应急辐射监测项目和应急监测方法4个方面进行了探讨,并提出了制定核应急监测政策及标准规范、建立应急监测预案库、加快研发应急采样与监测方法、建立海洋放射性监测体系等建议。     

Development of a new aerosol monitoring system and its application in Fukushima nuclear accident related aerosol radioactivity measurement at the CTBT radionuclide station in Sidney of Canada

A high volume aerosol sampler ("Grey Owl") has been designed and developed at the Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada. Its design guidance is based on the need for a low operational cost and reliable sampler to provide daily aerosol monitoring samples that can be used as reference samples for radiological studies. It has been developed to provide a constant air flow rate at low pressure drops (∼3 kPa for a day sampling) with variations of less than ±1% of the full scale flow rate. Its energy consumption is only about 1.5 kW for a filter sampling over 22,000 standard cubic meter of air. It has been demonstrated in this Fukushima nuclear accident related aerosol radioactivity monitoring study at Sidney station, B.C. that the sampler is robust and reliable. The results provided by the new monitoring system have been used to support decision-making in Canada during an emergency response.