亚硝基胍对泥鳅红细胞微核及核异常的诱发

研究了诱变剂对泥鳅红细胞微核和核异常的诱发作用,以寻求较为简便的检测水体中污染物对遗传物质的损害程度及毒理效应的方法。试验以亚硝基胍（MNNG）作为诱变剂,研究其不同浓度和染毒时间对泥鳅红细胞微核形成和核异常的影响。试验结果表明,在一定浓度范围内,微核细胞率与亚硝基胍浓度呈正相关;但当浓度过高时,微核细胞率反而降低。此外,研究还发现,随着亚硝基胍浓度的升高,微核细胞率出现高峰的时间也相应提前。从试验结果来看,微核测定法确是遗传毒理学试验中一个较为理想的监测手段。     

北京市冬季清扫马路工人尿中1-羟基芘的水平

本文报告北京市冬季清扫马路工人尿中1-羟基芘的测定结果,并在夏季进行了自身对照测定,29名受试人中有27名是冬季高于夏季.冬季尿中1-羟基芘的几何均值是0.97(μmol/mol肌酐),标准差为0.69;夏季的几何均值是0.14(μmol/mol肌酐)标准差为0.62.t检验证明有非常显著的差别(n=29,t=5.422,p<0.001).讨论了与空气中多环芳烃污染的关系.     

六溴环十二烷(HBCDs)异构体和对映体在白洋淀土壤和植物中的选择性富集与传输

利用高效液相色谱-串联三重四级杆质谱分析了白洋淀土壤和植物中六溴环十二烷（HBCDs）异构体和对映体的选择性富集分布及传输特征.土壤和植物样品中ΣHBCD浓度分别为1.32~8.25 ng·g^-1（干重）和N.d.~2.18 ng·g^-1（干重）;在采蒲台（CPT）、圈头（QT）和范峪淀（FYD）检测到的污染物浓度较高,表明南部土壤污染较北部严重;与国内外其他区域相比,白洋淀地区HBCDs的污染水平相对较低.淀区HBCDs的富集存在显著的异构体和对映体选择性行为,γ-HBCD和α-HBCD分别是土壤和植物中的主要异构体,平均百分比贡献率分别为68.24%和44.10%;在多数土壤和植物样品中均表现出（-）-HBCD比（+）-HBCD更易于被选择性富集.ΣHBCD从土壤到植物根系的传输RCFs（根富集因子）为0.12~0.93,其中泥胡草对HBCDs的富集能力最强,荠菜最弱;植物根部到地上部的传输系数（TFs）为0.09~0.81,植物茎向传输能力为补血草 > 牛筋草 > 荠菜 > 泥胡草.HBCDs异构体在土壤-植物体系的RCFs与log K_ow,TFs与log K_ow之间均未发现显著的相关性,可能是由于植物物种的差异和复杂的真实环境的影响.本研究首次为白洋淀淀区土壤-植物体系中HBCDs的污染及其立体选择性行为提供依据,对该地区综合评估其生态安全风险和持久性有机污染物（POPs）的污染防治具有重要意义.     

低场核磁共振研究胶黏剂的固化和老化过程

目的 研究胶黏剂的固化程度及在自然贮存和温度循环中的变化。方法 利用低场核磁共振技术,通过测定胶黏剂中氢原子在固化和老化过程中横向弛豫时间T2的变化,反映固化过程中交联结构的发展,以及交联结构在6个月自然贮存和100次高低温循环过程中的变化,阐明胶黏剂的老化机理。结果 光固化胶黏剂的光交联反应在20min后就进行完全,热固化胶黏剂在60℃固化4h后即达到了较高程度的交联,120℃固化对交联程度的影响不大,更多的是对交联结构的完善。经过-45～75℃下100次高低温循环后,胶黏剂的交联结构变化不明显。自然贮存6个月后,胶黏剂不仅发生继续交联,而且结构发生了一定的松弛,这些将对其长期使用稳定性带来影响。结论 低场核磁共振对氢原子的运动能力敏感,而且制样简单,测试速度快,是研究交联结构变化的强有力的工具,对胶黏剂的研制、固化工艺优化、固化机理研究具有重要的应用价值。     

南通台核旋观测干扰的排除

针对南通地震台核旋观测的干扰 ,通过多种试验最终加以排除。这项工作表明 ,地震台站环境改造中要注意监测环境的保护 ,特别是铠装电缆的铺设要考虑到对磁、电观测的影响 ,并就如何进一步提高核旋的观测质量提出建议。     

The immediate costs and long-term benefits of assisted gene flow in large populations

With the genetic health of many plant and animal populations deteriorating due to climate change outpacing adaptation, interventions, such as assisted gene flow (AGF), may provide genetic variation necessary for populations to adapt to climate change. We ran genetic simulations to mimic different AGF scenarios in large populations and measured their outcomes on population-level fitness to determine circumstances in which it is worthwhile to perform AGF. In the absence of inbreeding depression, AGF was beneficial within a few generations only when introduced genotypes had much higher fitness than local individuals and traits affecting fitness were controlled by a few genes of large effect. AGF was harmful over short periods (e.g., first ∼10–20 generations) if there was strong outbreeding depression or introduced deleterious genetic variation. When the adaptive trait was controlled by many loci of small effect, the benefits of AGF took over 10 generations to realize—potentially too long for most climate-related management scenarios. The genomic integrity of the recipient population typically remained intact following AGF; the amount of genetic material from the donor population usually constituted no more of the recipient population's genome than the fraction of the population introduced. Significant genomic turnover (e.g., >50% replacement) only occurred when the selective advantage of the adaptive trait and translocation fraction were extremely high. Our results will be useful when adaptive management is used to maintain the genetic health and productivity of large populations under climate change.     

Using experimental reintroductions to resolve the roles of habitat quality and metapopulation dynamics on patch occupancy in fragmented landscapes

Declines of species in fragmented landscapes can potentially be reversed either by restoring connectivity or restoring local habitat quality. Models fitted to snapshot occupancy data can be used to predict the effectiveness of these actions. However, such inferences can be misleading if the reliability of the habitat and landscape metrics used is unknown. The only way to unambiguously resolve the roles of habitat quality and metapopulation dynamics is to conduct experimental reintroductions to unoccupied patches so that habitat quality can be measured directly from data on vital rates. We, therefore, conducted a 15-year study that involved reintroducing a threatened New Zealand bird to unoccupied forest fragments to obtain reliable data on their habitat quality and reassess initial inferences made by modeling occupancy against habitat and landscape metrics. Although reproductive rates were similar among fragments, subtle differences in adult survival rates resulted in λ (finite rate of increase) estimations of <0.9 for 9 of the 12 fragments that were previously unoccupied. This was the case for only 1 of 14 naturally occupied fragments. This variation in λ largely explained the original occupancy pattern, reversing our original conclusion from occupancy modeling that this occupancy pattern was isolation driven and suggesting that it would be detrimental to increase connectivity without improving local habitat quality. These results illustrate that inferences from snapshot occupancy should be treated with caution and subjected to testing through experimental reintroductions in selected model systems.     

核电厂扩建工程设计地震动参数校核研究(英文)

核电工程从预可行性研究到正式施工设计,往往有一个很长的周期。以秦山核电二期工程建设项目为例,地震动参数确定是在十多年前完成的,因此其设计地震动参数的校核工作应当在吸收这十多年来我国在活动构造识别、地震活动的不均匀性处理、地震区带划分、潜在震源区的识别和参数确定、地震动衰减等方面的最新研究成果的基础上进行。研究结果表明,新增的地震地质资料进一步补充了原工作报告对地震地质研究的结论,地震的活动特征则没有发生根本变化;工作区内破坏性地震的平均震源深度约为12 km,与全国平均震源深度(约为15 km)有差别。在对工作区地震地质、地震活动背景最新研究的基础上,考虑本地区有代表性的不同潜在震源区的划分方案,分别采用对应的地震动参数衰减关系进行地震危险性概率分析计算,校核后综合确定秦山核电二期扩建工程厂址的极限安全地震动SL-2为0.15 g,这与1990年的结论一致。本文提出的核电扩建工程地震动参数校核工作的技术路线,可供类似的重大工程地震动参数校核参考。     

冲击爆炸作用对核电站安全壳毁伤效应研究的进展

核电站破坏后放射性燃料泄露带来的灾难性后果,使得核电站特别是核反应堆成为军事打击和恐怖袭击的重要目标之一.本文分析总结了核反应堆安全壳因弹体和飞机的冲(撞)击爆炸导致受损所涉及的关键科学问题的国内外研究进展,指出核安全壳体防护效能的研究重点主要在于:弹体“侵彻(贯穿)+爆炸”作用对双层钢筋混凝土和内衬钢板复合核安全壳结...     

Mitigation translocation as a management tool

Mitigation translocation is a subgroup of conservation translocation, categorized by a crisis-responsive time frame and the immediate goal of relocating individuals threatened with death. However, the relative successes of conservation translocations with longer time frames and broader metapopulation- and ecosystem-level considerations have been used to justify the continued implementation of mitigation translocations without adequate post hoc monitoring to confirm their effectiveness as a conservation tool. Mitigation translocations now outnumber other conservation translocations, and understanding the effectiveness of mitigation translocations is critical given limited global conservation funding especially if the mitigation translocations undermine biodiversity conservation by failing to save individuals. We assessed the effectiveness of mitigation translocations by conducting a quantitative review of the global literature. A total of 59 mitigation translocations were reviewed for their adherence to the adaptive scientific approach expected of other conservation translocations and for the testing of management options to continue improving techniques for the future. We found that mitigation translocations have not achieved their potential as an effective applied science. Most translocations focused predominantly on population establishment- and persistence-level questions, as is often seen in translocations more broadly, and less on metapopulation and ecosystem outcomes. Questions regarding the long-term impacts to the recipient ecosystem (12% of articles) and the carrying capacity of translocation sites (24% of articles) were addressed least often, despite these factors being more likely to influence ultimate success. Less than half (47%) of studies included comparison of different management techniques to facilitate practitioners selecting the most effective management actions for the future. To align mitigation translocations with the relative success of other conservation translocations, it is critical that future mitigation translocations conform to an established experimental approach to improve their effectiveness. Effective mitigation translocations will require significantly greater investment of time, expertise, and resources in the future.