谈特殊病区HIV患者集中静脉采血

目的总结高效率集中采集HIV患者静脉血标本.方法回顾性总结389例患者静脉采血,从采血前准备、怎样选择静脉、采血时的体位配合,到扎止血带、穿刺技巧、拔针,以及防标本溶血,预防职业暴露及交叉感染.结果一次性成功采血89.5%,标本符合要求100%,未发生职业暴露及交叉感染.结论从吸毒的艾滋病患者静脉采血难于常人,采血过程及其前后准备与处理均须?小心谨慎.参4.     

珠江三角洲地区大气中多环芳烃的被动采样观测

研究了珠江三角洲地区大气中多环芳烃的含量与分布.利用大气被动采样装置,在包括香港在内的珠江三角洲地区共设立了21个大气被动采样点,样品采集时间为2005-08-15—10-14.结果表明,除主要存在于气相中的2～3环PAHs与部分4环PAHs外,聚氨酯泡沫材料(PUF)被动采样器也可在一定程度上采集大气颗粒物中的5～7环PAHs.珠江三角洲地区大气PAHs的含量与组成存在较大差异,珠江三角洲内地采样点PAHs的含量远远高于香港采样点,这主要是受采样点所处的地理位置、气候条件以及能源消费结构的影响.初步研究表明,PUF大气被动采样器可较好地运用于区域大气PAHs污染分布与特征对比研究.      

被动采样技术在监测大气有机氯污染物中的应用

为了研究大气被动采样技术的可行性,评价其技术性能、特色和应用价值,采用以XAD-2树脂为吸附介质的被动采样器,对北京市和四川卧龙自然保护区大气中的典型持久性有机氯污染物分别进行了为期5个月和半年的样品采集,利用气相色谱-高分辨质谱方法对HCB,HCHs,DDTs和PCBs等进行了测定.结果表明:数据重现性良好,检测下限的范围为0.2～8.0 pg/m3;北京市有机氯污染物检出质量浓度相对较高,其中ρ(HCB)最高,为1 910 pg/m3,ρ(p,p′-DDT)最低,为21 pg/m3;卧龙自然保护区有机氯污染物检出质量浓度相对较低,其中ρ(HCB)最高,为254 pg/m3,ρ(PCB52)最低,为1.3 pg/m3.初步表征、比较了北京市和四川卧龙自然保护区大气中HCB,HCHs,DDTs和PCBs等化学组成特征.以XAD-2树脂为吸附介质的大气被动采样器,可以应用于城市和边远地区持久性有机氯污染物的长期采样和监测.      

吸气式感烟火灾探测系统采样管网模拟仿真

通过对吸气式感烟火灾探测系统采样管网进行流体力学分析,建立了采样管网系统力学数学模型,采用了面向对象的编程技术,编制了工程管网设计模拟仿真软件,实现各采样点的探测灵敏度及探测响应时间的计算和对采样孔径的优化调整,在实际应用中取得良好效果。     

ICP-AES测定电镀污泥中的金和钯

介绍了含贵金属电镀污泥的样品采集、制备和预处理方法,并对有关问题进行了讨论.研究了电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)直接测定电镀污泥中微量金、钯的分析方法.结果表明:在选定的最佳仪器工作条件下,金、钯的检出限分别为0.015和0.018 mg/L,加标回收率为94.0%～104.0%,相对标准偏差小于3%.该方法可用于电镀污泥中微量金、钯的测定      

上海市环境空气臭氧浓度时空分布特征的调查

上海市机动车保有量逐渐增加,为监测机动车尾气造成的氧化型光化学烟雾的污染,采用被动扩散管的监测方法在上海市大面积布设点位,经连续１４个月的监测,得出上海市环境空气中臭氧（Ｏ３）浓度的时分布特征。     

A foundation for developing a methodology for social network sampling

Researchers are increasingly turning to network theory to understand the social nature of animal populations. We present a computational framework that is the first step in a series of works that will allow us to develop a quantitative methodology of social network sampling to aid ecologists in their social network data collection. To develop our methodology, we need to be able to generate networks from which to sample. Ideally, we need to perform a systematic study of sampling protocols on different known network structures, as network structure might affect the robustness of any particular sampling methodology. Thus, we present a computational tool for generating network structures that have user-defined distributions for network properties and for key measures of interest to ecologists. The user defines the values of these measures and the tool will generate appropriate network randomizations with those properties. This tool will be used as a framework for developing a sampling methodology, although we do not present a full methodology here. We describe the method used by the tool, demonstrate its effectiveness, and discuss how the tool can now be utilized. We provide a proof-of-concept example (using the assortativity measure) of how such networks can be used, along with a simulated egocentric sampling regime, to test the level of equivalence of the sampled network to the actual network. This contribution is part of the special issue “Social Networks: new perspectives” (Guest Editors: J. Krause, D. Lusseau and R. James).     

黄土高原不同地貌区土壤有机碳空间变异与合理取样数研究

论文运用经典统计学和地统计学相结合的方法,以黄土高原典型地貌丘陵沟壑区(庄浪县)与平原区(武功县)为例,探讨了土壤有机碳空间变异特征及县域尺度土壤有机碳的合理采样数。研究表明,丘陵沟壑区有机碳的变异系数较小,变化范围在0.176 到0.200 之间,平原区较沟壑区大,变化范围在0.24 到0.26 之间,基于经典统计学,在5%的精度要求和95%的置信区间,沟壑区的合理样本数为64 个,平原区为110 个。丘陵沟壑区与平原区两区域都呈现出强烈的空间相关性且变程较小,分别为2 250、900 m,庄浪县土壤有机碳含量高值区斑块较破碎,东部较西部多、北部比南部多;武功县土壤有机碳含量西南与中部地区含量较高,高值区比庄浪县相对集中。根据土壤有机碳的空间相关性和克里格插值的独立验证得出庄浪县与武功县的合理采样数分别为903、1 838 个,合理样本数的确定对合理评价黄土高原地区碳储量的预测精度有重要意义。     

Atmospheric particulate matter in Nigerian megacities

The paucity of data on air pollution indices in Nigeria prompted us to commence a national screening exercise regarding particulate matter loads. Six potential megacities (Aba, Abuja, Lagos, Kano, Maiduguri, and Port-Harcourt) representing the six geographical zones in Nigeria were chosen for the study. Sampling was achieved using a ‘Gent’ stacked filter unit sampler capable of collecting fractions of particulate matter with sizes of <10-μm and <2.5-μm simultaneously. The mean values for PM₁₀ are 550, 35, 87, 340, 246 and 130 μg m^?3 while for PM_2.5 the mean values are 100, 14, 25, 67, 20 and 30 μg m^?3 respectively for Aba, Abuja, Lagos, Kano, Maiduguri, and Port-Harcourt. Except for Abuja, the daily PM₁₀ mass loads exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines daily limit where as the PM_2.5 values were within the WHO guideline limit. Their correlation matrix result indicates that some PM_2.5 fractions mass fractions were strongly correlated than the PM₁₀ fractions probably due to their long range transport potentials. Further work is in progress to determine the elemental profiles of both particulate fractions collected.     

Attenuation of metal species in acidic solutions using bentonite clay: implications for acid mine drainage remediation

A laboratory batch experimental study has been carried out to evaluate the adsorption capacity of selected metal species in acid mine drainage (AMD) by bentonite clay. Bentonite clay was mixed with simulated AMD at specific solid–liquid (S/L) ratios and agitated in a reciprocating shaker and adsorption of selected toxic metals assessed over time. Cation exchange capacity varied from 1140 to 1290 meq kg^?1. Contact of AMD with bentonite leads to increase in pH and a possible reduction in electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. At constant agitation time of 60 min, the pH increased with dosage of bentonite. Removal of Mn²⁺, Al ³⁺, and Fe³⁺ was observed to be greatest at 60 min of agitation. Bentonite clay exhibits high adsorption for Al³⁺ and Fe³⁺ at concentration less than 300 mg L^?1, while the capacity for Mn²⁺ was observed to be lower. Adsorption capacity for SO₄^2? was low with a great percentage of the SO₄^2? remaining in solution. Adsorption capacity of bentonite with more complex formulated AMD and gold tailing leachates was low for Fe³⁺, Al³⁺, and Mn²⁺. This indicates that optimum adsorption of bentonite clay is dependent on the chemistry of the AMD and its application might be site specific.