石油污染土壤物化修复前后生物毒性效应

采用作物种子的发芽率作为生态指标对石油污染土壤进行毒性分析,并以蚯蚓为实验生物,研究了石油污染物的生物效应及其对土壤生态系统的影响.结果表明,不同的作物种子对石油污染表现出不同的耐受性,对照清洁土壤,大多数作物种子的萌发都明显受到石油污染的抑制,其中受石油污染影响最严重的是黄豆、蚕豆、玉米.相比之下,在不同石油污染水平下绿豆具有较高的耐受性,且种子发芽率均在90%以上.蚯蚓在受到污染胁迫时,在生理水平上会发生明显的变化,进而影响其存活和生长能力,实验观测到随着石油污染加重蚯蚓存活时间显著下降.在高污染水平石油污染的土壤中(石油污染水平>30 000 mg.kg-1),蚯蚓的耐性降低,仅可以存活5 d左右,说明石油烃对蚯蚓的毒性较大,主要是因为蚯蚓直接与石油接触导致其中毒脱水而死亡.处理后油田污染土,即使在污染水平很低(≈30 mg.kg-1)的情况下,蚯蚓存活时间依然很短(3 d左右),是因为经过石油醚处理过的土壤,其营养物质也随着石油而被处理掉,而土壤中有机质等营养物对蚯蚓的生存具有很大影响.     

2011年1-7月国内外石油与化工事故分析

基于2011年1-7月国内外石油与化工事故,从事故发生时间、经营类型和事故类型等方面进行了分析,并分析了重大自然灾害的影响。结果表明：7月是事故高发的月份,化工生产事故最多,泄漏是主要的事故类型;日本地震等重大自然灾害对石油与化工行业产生很大的影响。从推进中小化工企业的安全标准化工作、加强储存运输的安全运营保障、提高企业应对自然灾害的能力等方面提出了建议,以预防或减少事故发生。     

辽河水体有机污染来源判别

为探讨掌握辽河水体中有机物污染及污染水平,并通过典型有机物作为标志,进行污染来源判别。本研究采用气相色谱(GC-FID,GC-ECD)、气相色谱-质谱联机(GC-MS)技术对西辽河到红庙子12个点位的水样进行了四大类有机物分析。结果表明:辽宁省内河水石油烃类污染是非常明显且普遍的。辽河水污染是混合型的,工业含油废水排放,交通运输石油滴漏,城镇市政废水排放,工农业生产和家庭生活用煤作能源,热源等是主要污染来源。     

不同植物对石油污染的耐受性研究

石油污染已成为世界各国普遍关注的环境问题,土壤中石油类污染物的植物修复因具有众多优势而被人们广泛关注,而耐受性强的修复植物的选择是研究的重点,因此,采用皿培的方法对几种待选植物种子进行培养,对其在不同浓度石油污染的土壤中的出芽率进行分析,并持续观察其植株的生长状况,评价植物在各个浓度石油污染土壤中的耐受性,结果可得:低浓度石油污染土壤(0.5%)对植物种子萌芽和植株生长均有一定的促进作用,中高浓度(1%~3%)石油污染土壤对种子萌芽和植株生长具有抑制作用,在受试五种植物中,红三叶种子的石油污染耐受性最强。     

A review of biomarker compounds as source indicators and tracers for air pollution

An overview of the application of organic geochemistry to the analysis of organic matter on aerosol particles is presented here. This organic matter is analyzed as solvent extractable bitumen/ lipids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The organic geochemical approach assesses the origin, the environmental history and the nature of secondary products of organic matter by using the data derived from specific molecular analyses. Evaluations of production and fluxes, with cross-correlations can thus be made by the application of the same separation and analytical procedures to samples from point source emissions and the ambient atmosphere. This will be illustrated here with typical examples from the ambient atmosphere (aerosol particles) and from emissions of biomass burning (smoke). Organic matter in aerosols is derived from two major sources and is admixed depending on the geographic relief of the air shed. These sources are biogenic detritus (e.g., plant wax, microbes, etc.) and anthropogenic particle emissions (e.g., oils, soot, synthetics, etc.). Both biogenic detritus and some of the anthropogenic particle emissions contain organic materials which have unique and distinguishable compound distribution patterns (C₁₄-C₄₀). Microbial and vascular plant lipids are the dominant biogenic residues and petroleum hydrocarbons, with lesser amounts of the pyrogenic polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and synthetics (e.g., chlorinated compounds), are the major anthropogenic residues. Biomass combustion is another important primary source of particles injected into the global atmosphere. It contributes many trace substances which are reactants in atmospheric chemistry and soot paniculate matter with adsorbed biomarker compounds, most of which are unknown chemical structures. The injection of natural product organic compounds into smoke occurs primarily by direct volatilization/steam stripping and by thermal alteration based on combustion temperature. Although the molecular composition of organic matter in smoke particles is highly variable, the molecular tracers are generally still source specific. Retene has been utilized as a tracer for conifer smoke in urban aerosols, but is not always detectable. Dehydroabietic acid is generally more concentrated in the atmosphere from the same emission sources. Degradation products from biopolymers (e.g., levoglucosan from cellulose) are also excellent tracers. An overview of the biomarker compositions of biomass smoke types is presented here. Defining additional tracers of thermally-altered and directly-emitted natural products in smoke aids the assessment of the organic matter type and input from biomass combustion to aerosols. The precursor to product approach of compound characterization by organic geochemistry can be applied successfully to provide tracers for studying the chemistry and dispersion of ambient aerosols and smoke plumes. Presented at the 6th FECS Conference on Chemistry and the Environment, Atmospheric Chemistry and Air Pollution, August 26–28, 1998, Copenhagen.     

某石油炼制企业VOCs排放源强反演研究

选取我国北方某石油炼制企业为研究对象,针对其挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放,于春季3月开展了厂界周边大气VOCs环境浓度监测,并利用ISCST-3空气质量模型反推出该企业VOCs排放源强.监测结果表明,厂外上风向背景点与下风向受体点TVOCs浓度平均值分别为28.6×10-9和88.3×10-9,且2个区域VOCs还存在化学组分特征差异,背景点以乙烷、丙烷、乙烯为主,而受体点化学组分中丙烯、异丁烷、丁烷、异戊烷、戊烷的体积浓度百分比显著上升,说明该炼油厂VOCs排放体量大,对局地环境影响显著.扣除背景点VOCs,获得了该炼油厂VOCs排放化学成分谱,其主要成分体积浓度百分比:乙烷(23.4%)、丙烷(11.8%)、丁烷(10.4%)、异丁烷(9.0%)、戊烷(5.3%)、异戊烷(6.4%)、丙烯(11.5%),成分谱特征与国内相关文献相似.ISCST-3模型反演结果显示,该炼油厂TVOCs年排放量平均值为(2201.6±1011.9) t/a,折合排放因子约0.73g VOCs/kg原油.该计算结果偏低,原因可能在于:其一,测试季节为春季,较低的环境温度致使了炼油厂挥发散逸环节的排放低于全年平均水平;其二,ISCST-3模型为扩散模型,未考虑VOCs化合物在局地范围的化学衰减.     

改性核桃壳对石油烃类物质的吸附试验研究

为了研究改性制备核桃壳对石油烃吸附程度,以化学改性制备核桃壳为吸附剂,考察了溶液p H值、时间和温度对改性核桃壳吸附石油烃效果的影响。结果表明:当温度为298 K,p H为7.0,0.2 g改性核桃壳吸附处理100 m L浓度为60 mg/L的柴油溶液,80 min后吸附量最大,可达到12.57 mg/g。该吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程,其相关系数达到0.9999。在3种温度(298,308,318 K)条件下的吸附等温曲线更符合Freundlich模型。通过热力学计算证实,该吸附过程是吸热的、自发的过程,一定程度上的升温有助于石油烃的吸附。     

炼厂含油污泥与石油焦共成浆性及其影响因素

我国所加工的原油重质化和劣质化现象日益严重,导致以高硫石油焦、含油污泥为代表的副产物产量大幅增加,对生态环境构成了潜在威胁. 为利用成熟的水煤浆气化工艺对废物无害化处理,进行了炼厂含油污泥与石油焦制备高性能混合浆液的研究. 采用干磨湿配制浆工艺,考察了含油污泥与石油焦的共成浆性,分析了石油焦粒度分布、含油污泥添加量、温度、pH等对成浆性的影响. 结果表明:石油焦颗粒疏水性较强、比表面积小,其单独成浆时最佳粗细颗粒质量比为5.5∶4.5;含油污泥与石油焦共成浆时,其最佳添加量为3.0%;在30℃,pH为7~9条件下,可制得表观黏度低于1000mPa·s,稳定时间超过48h,流动性较好的混合浆液,可满足水煤浆气化无害化工艺的进料要求.      

辽河油田石油污染土壤的2阶段生物修复

建立了污染土壤预制床处理工程,对不同类型原油污染土壤分别进行堆腐处理,历时2个阶段,共运行210d.当稀油、稠油、特稠油和高凝油污染土壤中石油烃总量(TPH)为25.8～77.2g·kg^-1时,经过53d(为第1阶段)的运行,TPH去除率38.37%～56.74%.第2年(为第2阶段)继续处理156d,TPH降解率达到66.59%～80.96%.连续运行结果表明,污染土壤中易分解的石油烃污染物大部分在第1阶段得到降解,第二阶段降解率明显降低.     

Screening for plants and rhizospheral fungi with bioremediation potency of petroleum-polluted soils in a Tehran oil refinery area

The contamination of soils by toxic and/or hazardous organic pollutants, especially with crude oil, is a widespread problem. This study was conducted in a petroleum-contaminated area in a Tehran oil refinery to find petroleum-resistant plants and their rhizospheral fungal strains with bioremediation potency. The plants growing in the oil-polluted area were collected and determined taxonomically. Root samples of the plant species were collected from a polluted area and fungal strains determined by laboratory methods and taxonomical keys. The growth ability of the isolated fungal strains was studied in media containing 1%–15% crude oil. Results showed that seven plant species were of the highest density in the contaminated area: Alhagi persarum, Hordeum marinum, Peganum harmala, Phragmites australis, Prosopis farcta, Salsola kali, and Senecio glaucus. The root-associated fungi were isolated and showed that the fungal variation in the oil-polluted area is higher than that in a non-polluted area. The growth assay of isolated fungal strains showed that all studied fungal strains were able to form colonies at the applied concentrations but Alternaria sp. and Rhizopus sp. were the most resistant ones. Some plants were resistant to oil pollution, which also had positive effects on the fungal strains.