成都市夏季大气挥发性有机物污染及其对二次有机气溶胶生成的贡献

于2014年7月8日至8月13日在成都市城区和工业区选取两个点位开展挥发性有机物(VOCs)样品采集工作,分析结果显示,成都市夏季城区大气中VOCs质量浓度在34.1~458.8μg/m3,平均值为(137.3±91.8)μg/m3;工业区大气中VOCs质量浓度在26.7~474.9μg/m3,平均值为(135.9±103.5)μg/m3。早高峰时段(7:00~10:00)两个点位VOCs的浓度水平均高于其他时段,说明VOCs浓度受机动车排放的影响较为明显。用·OH消耗速率和臭氧生成潜势评估VOCs大气化学反应活性,结果显示,芳香烃和烯烃是影响大气化学反应活性的关键组分。城区和工业区的二次有机气溶胶(SOA)的生成潜势分别为4.859、4.559μg/m3,芳香烃不仅是臭氧生成潜势的关键活性组分,同时也是SOA的重要前体物。     

小型环境实验舱用于评价空气净化材料净化效果

建立了用于评价被动式空气净化产品的小型环境模拟舱系统.系统以滤纸为净化材料载体,乙醛及丙酮为污染物,经过验证,空白实验及环境舱平行性良好,具有评价各类被动式空气净化产品的潜在应用价值.本实验应用此环境舱评价了2种二氧化钛光催化剂、2种超支化聚酰胺PAMAM-NH2及1种市售复合型空气净化剂的净化效果.结果表明,在经过24 h净化后,二氧化钛光触媒在自然光条件下对乙醛及丙酮的净化效率为12.2％ ～ 34.5％;超支化聚酰胺对乙醛的净化效率为35.2％ ～48.1％,对丙酮无净化作用;复合型空气净化剂对乙醛及丙酮的净化效率为15.7％ ～32.2％.     

曝气+化学絮凝法预处理环氧丙烷废水简

根据环氧丙烷废水的特点,应用电化学法处理具有较高的可行性。运用电化学法处理PO废水前必须进行废水预处理,用以提高电流效率和延长极板寿命。采用曝气和化学絮凝结合的方法去除PO废水中的Ca²⁺,同时去除部分COD。对曝气、无机絮凝剂（PACl、PFS）和有机絮凝剂（PAM）对PO废水处理过程中的曝气量、曝气时间、投药量、复配和沉降时间等主要影响因子进行了实验研究,通过比较Ca²⁺、COD的去除效果、絮凝剂用量、沉降时间、处理成本等方面,在设定的实验参数下得到最佳预处理方案为：曝气量为2.5 L/min,曝气45 min,投加Na₂CO₃粉末24 kg/t 废水,充分混匀后加入PFS+PAM复配絮凝剂。本方案具有废水处理效果好（Ca²⁺的去除率为77.03%,COD的去除率为37.46%）、投药量少（（100+7.5）g/t废水）、沉降时间短（5 min）、处理成本低（0.675元/t废水）等优点。通过对比经预处理和不经预处理后电化学法对COD去除效果、电流和处理后阴极表面,验证了预处理方案的必要性与可行性。     

A fluorometric method to determine rainfastness,volatilization and photostability of glyphosate from glass slides,after application of vision® with two adjuvants

Abstract

A fluorometric method was developed to quantify glyphosate loss from glass surfaces after exposure to the natural forest environment. The method was based on the principle of converting glyphosate into glycine, followed by the fluorogenic labeling with o‐phthalaldehyde. A fluorometer (with λ _Ex = 360 nm / λ_Em =430 nm) was used to quantify the derivatized fluorogenic compound. Response was linear over the concentration range of 143, 286, 572, 858 and 1144 μg of glyphosate (acid equivalent, AE) per mL of the diluted Vision® formulation. Three end‐use mixtures of Vision® were prepared, each at a concentration of 28.6 g AE/L, without and with two adjuvants, Ethomeen® T/25 at 4.5 mL/L and Silwet^® L‐77 at 1.5 mL/L. Several dilutions of the end‐use mixtures were applied on glass slides without and with the coating of cuticular wax extracted from trembling aspen foliage. The slides were left for 5 days in a forest opening to determine rainfastness, volatilization and photostability of glyphosate. The residues were quantified using the method developed. Three calibration curves were required because Silwet decreased the fluorometric response of glyphosate, whereas Ethomeen increased it. The minimum detection limit was 143 μg of glyphosate/mL. Glyphosate was resistant to volatilization and sunlight‐mediated degradation, regardless of the presence of wax coating or the adjuvants. About 64% of the applied glyphosate was washed off after a 9.6 mm rainfall when no adjuvant was present. Both adjuvants provided some amount of rain‐protection to glyphosate, but Silwet reduced the washoff to a greater extent (46%) than Ethomeen (55%).     

鼠李糖脂对微生物菌剂降解石油的影响

以石油烃降解微生物菌剂和铜绿假单胞菌株A6为对象,考察不同浓度鼠李糖脂对菌剂细胞表面疏水性、原油降解性能和微生物生长的影响,采用GC-MS分析石油中正构烷烃组分的降解情况。结果表明,低浓度鼠李糖脂就可提高菌剂细胞的表面疏水性和原油降解效果。以250mg／L添加组最明显,第7天疏水性达最高,为58．6％,比对照组提高约26．2％;降解第15天原油降解率达71．6％,分别比对照组和TW20组提高16％和13．3％。GC-MS结果显示鼠李糖脂对高碳数烷烃的降解作用大于低碳数烷烃,正二十三烷和正三十三烷的降解率分别较对照提高了21．5％和33．7％。菌剂对奇数碳烷烃的降解效果优于偶数碳烷烃。鼠李糖脂分别使菌剂中细菌、放线菌和霉菌的最大生物量提高了5．7、2．4和1．8倍。鼠李糖脂对微生物细胞疏水性和生物量的提高与石油降解效果正相关。     

Cd、Zn、Pb单因素及复合污染对土壤酶活性的影响

通过Ｃｄ、Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ单因素处理和复合因素处理的对比性研究发现,无论是单因素或复因素对土壤酶活性的抑制效应顺序均为 Ｃｄ＞ Ｚｎ＞ Ｐｂ;在所研究的 ４种土壤酶中,脲酶受重金属的抑制作用最为敏感; Ｃｄ、 Ｚｎ、 Ｐｂ复合污染与各单因素的影响有较大差异,同时,Ｃｄ、Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ复合污染对４种土壤酶活性的影响效应亦不同。其复合污染对脲酶表现出协同抑制负效应的特征;对过氧化氢表现出一定的屏蔽作用或拮抗作用;转化酶和碱性磷酸酶主要因Ｃｄ浓度的变化而变化。     

Kinetic study of heterogeneous ozonolysis of alachlor, trifluralin and terbuthylazine adsorbed on silica particles under atmospheric conditions

To better understand the atmospheric behaviour of pesticides, heterogeneous ozonolysis of three herbicides (alachlor, terbuthylazine and trifluralin) adsorbed on silica particles were performed in a flow reactor. The experimental setup used in this study and previously validated (Pflieger et al., 2009) has been specially developed to investigate extremely slow reactivity. The pesticides were adsorbed on particles using a gas/solid adsorption equilibrium, in order to simulate atmospheric conditions. After exposure to ozone concentrations ranging from 5 to 41 ppm during 90 min to 6 h, the kinetics were calculated by comparing the initial and the remaining amounts of pesticides adsorbed on silica particles. This work offers the first results of heterogeneous ozonolysis of alachlor and trifluralin adsorbed on mineral particles. Although alachlor and terbuthylazine were expected to react with ozone, no degradation was observed which leads to a lifetime higher than 8 months towards ozonolysis (for 40 ppb of O₃). A significant degradation of trifluralin adsorbed on silica particles by heterogeneous ozonolysis was observed. The experimental data could be fit by both the Langmuir–Rideal and the Langmuir–Hinshelwood models resulting in atmospheric lifetimes (towards heterogeneous ozonolysis) of 40 and 32 days respectively (for 40 ppb of O₃). These results are discussed and compared to other studies.     

不同基质共代谢降解2,4,6-三硝基苯酚的研究

以葡萄糖、可溶性淀粉、乙酸钠和苯酚作为共基质,通过35℃恒温生化培养箱缺氧驯化污泥,间歇恒温振荡试验研究了在不同共代谢基质条件下,2,4,6-三硝基苯酚（TNP）的缺氧降解性能。结果表明,经过驯化的微生物加入葡萄糖和苯酚作为碳源,在TNP∶苯酚∶葡萄糖为10∶3∶100的比例下,TNP生物降解率可以从不加碳源时的31.2%提高到86.6%;不同共基质条件下TNP的降解均符合一级反应动力学方程,反应速率常数大小依次是K_苯酚＜K_葡萄糖＜K_{葡萄糖+苯酚},其中葡萄糖和苯酚同时作为共基质时TNP降解速率常数最大为0.019 h^-1。     

酚类化合物对硝化颗粒污泥活性抑制的定量结构-活性相关研究

测定了酚类化合物对硝化颗粒污泥活性抑制的logIC50值,以量子化学参数为自变量,应用偏最小二乘法（PLS）,建立了酚类化合物对硝化颗粒污泥活性抑制的定量结构-活性相关（QSAR）模型。模型所提取的PLS主成分所能解释的因变量总方差的比例Qc2um为0.820,表明模型具有较好的稳定性和预测能力。模型的结果表明,影响酚类化合物对硝化颗粒污泥活性抑制的主要因素是logkow、CCR和Ehomo,酚类化合物对硝化颗粒污泥活性抑制的logIC50随着分子logkow的增大而减小,随着Ehomo和CCR的增大而增大。     

Production of Ethanol by an Integrated Valorization of Olive Oil Byproducts. The Role of Phenolic Inhibition (2 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope Agricultural industrial wastes can frequently be used as raw materials in the production of bio-fuels. Olive-oil milling wastewater is considered as one of the most polluting agro-industrial residues, but fortunately due to its high content of organic matter, it has the potential to be a valuable starting material to obtain bio-ethanol via fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The fermentation of olive-oil milling wastewater has been demonstrated with good yield of ethanol (8-12%v/v) once the level of reducing sugars is appropriate and the phenolic fraction, which inhibits the yeast, is removed. Materials and Methods: - Results: - Discussion: - Conclusions: - Recommendations and Perspectives: -