铯对油菜萌发代谢生物学效应初探

研究了油菜(Brassica napus)的萌发特性及幼苗生长对不同质量浓度(80、160、320、640、960 mg.L-1)氯化铯(CsCl)处理的效应。结果显示:ρ(CsCl)为80～960 mg.L-1时,其对油菜发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数的影响差异不显著,但对油菜幼苗根、芽生长具有低促高抑的双重作用,且根的生长比芽对CsCl更为敏感。随着ρ(CsCl)逐渐增加,油菜幼苗脯氨酸和蛋白质含量增加,脱氢酶(DH)活性和过氧化物酶(POD)活性则明显下降,表明较高ρ(CsCl)处理可能造成油菜幼苗一定程度的胁迫,其脯氨酸含量增加可能主要是由于脯氨酸合成加强所致。     

水稻壮秧分蘖剂苗期抗冷效果初探

利用人工气候室在苗期施用水稻壮秧分蘖剂对水稻秧苗的形态及生理方面的表现进行了探讨。结果表明：水稻壮秧分蘖剂具有增加秧苗干物重,提高秧苗素质,降低电解质渗出率和提高脯氨酸含量的作用。同时增加了秧苗的分蘖能力和提高水稻产量。     

Joint effects of cadmium and lead on seedlings of four Chinese cabbage cultivars in northeastern China

In northeastern China, large area of vegetable land has been simultaneously polluted by cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb). Joint e ects of Cd and Pb on Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis L.) were investigated using the seed germination and sand culture method. Four Chinese cabbage cultivars including Kangbingjinchun (KB), Dongyangchunxia (DY), Qinglvwang (QL) and Qiangshi (QS) from Shenyang in northeastern China were adopted in this study. The results showed that there were positive linear relationships between the inhibitory rate of biomass, root and shoot elongation and the concentrations of Cd and Pb. In particular, root elongation was more sensitive to joint stress of Cd and Pb. The activity of superoxide dismutase and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), soluble protein (SP) and proline (PRO) changed significantly with increasing exposure concentration of Cd and Pb. The decrement in the activity of antioxidative enzymes, the content of SP and accumulation of MDA were relatively low in KB and QS. PRO played an important role in resisting Cd and Pb stress.     

气态氨对吊兰生长的毒理学影响

探讨气态氨染毒对吊兰生长的毒性作用,将生长状况相似的吊兰置于氨浓度为0.1mg/m^3、0.2mg/m^3、0.3mg/m^3、0.4mg/m^3的密闭容器中,以空气作为对照,测定叶片的叶绿素含量变化、叶绿素a/b比值变化、丙二醛含量变化、可溶性糖含量变化、脯氨酸含量变化以及叶片对有毒气体的形态学反应。结果表明,经处理的吊兰叶片外观损伤明显,叶绿素含量随气体浓度的增加而减小,叶绿素a/b比值减小,丙二醛和可溶性糖含量随气体浓度的升高而升高,脯氨酸含量随着气体浓度的增加而积累,气态氨对吊兰的毒理学影响明显。     

Characterisation of growth and biochemical response of Onopordum acanthium L. under lead stress as affected by microbial inoculation

Microbial associations may influence the negative effects of potentially toxic elements on plants. In a greenhouse experiment, the growth; biochemical response; and Pb, Fe, and Zn uptake of Onopordum acanthium L. were investigated in response to inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF (a mixture of Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus irregularis, and Rhizophagus fasciculatus) and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, PGPR (a mixture of Pseudomonas species including P. putida, P. fluorescens, and P. aeruginosa) at increased Pb levels in soil. The treatments were arranged as a factorial experiment based on a randomised complete block design. Results revealed that inoculation with AMF and PGPR decreased Pb toxicity in plants. Inoculated plants with AMF and PGPR had higher shoot and root dry weight compared with the non-inoculated plants. In this study, AMF and PGPR inoculation led to a significant increase (P?≤?.05) in chlorophyll a, b, chlorophyll a+b, carotenoid, proline, and relative water content of plants. Furthermore, AMF and PGPR inoculation likely played a more important role in growth and Pb uptake in O. acanthium L. Our results suggest that AMF and Pseudomonas bacteria could be effective bio-inoculants for enhancing the plant growth and Pb uptake by inhibiting the adverse effects of Pb in O. acanthium.     

干旱胁迫下5种三叶草的生理反应(英文)

为了解三叶草属抗旱的生理机理,寻找适宜干旱地区种植的三叶草品种,比较了地三叶草(Trifoliumsubterraneum L.)、大花三叶草(T.michelianum Savi)、白三叶草(T.repens L.)、高加索三叶草(T.ambiguum M.Bieb.)和草莓三叶草(T.fragiferum L.)在人工干旱条件下4 wk的生长和生理反应.结果表明,干旱处理下大花三叶草、草莓三叶草和白三叶草地上部分干重严重减少,分别降低了70%、66%和64%,而高加索三叶草和地三叶草减少不到50%;高加索三叶草叶片水势降低到-2.0 MPa以下,而其他4种三叶草只降低到-1.5MPa左右;高加索三叶草和草莓三叶草叶片光合速率降低25%,而地三叶草、白三叶草和大花三叶草下降35%~63%.此外,干旱条件下,5种供试三叶草叶片中游离脯氨酸含量普遍增加,其中高加索三叶草和白三叶草分别增加到2.5倍和3.1倍.研究显示高加索三叶草在多项重要生长和生理指标中表现出很强的抗旱性,因此认为其可作为干旱地区栽培白叶草的补充或替代种.图1表3参22     

两种不同抗性作物对酸雨胁迫的响应

为明晰植物渗透调节在抗酸性机制中的作用,考察了模拟酸雨对抗酸性作物水稻(Oryza sativa)和酸敏感性作物大豆(Glycine max)幼苗株高、叶片含水量、渗透势、脯氨酸含量和质膜H+-ATPase活性的影响。结果表明,酸雨(p H=2.5~5.0)喷施5 d后,水稻和大豆幼苗的耐受阈值为p H=4.0和5.0;恢复5 d后,p H=2.5组水稻和p H=3.0组大豆含水量和株高仍未恢复到对照水平。动态测定结果显示,酸雨(p H=4.5和3.0)胁迫初期(第3 d),水稻脯氨酸含量应激升高,调控渗透势下降;随胁迫时间延长(第5 d),脯氨酸含量升高不足以维持稳定的渗透势,质膜H+-ATPase活性升高,调控胞内外渗透平衡。研究表明,酸雨胁迫下水稻脯氨酸和质膜H+-ATPase的渗透调节能力强于大豆,这是水稻抗酸性强于大豆的内在机制之一。     

Phytotoxicity of cadmium on protein, proline and antioxidant enzyme activities in growing Arachis hypogaea L. seedlings

Phytotoxicity of cadmium on growing Arachis hypogaea L. seedlings was studied. Seeds were exposed to 25, 50, and 100 μmol/L CdCl2 concentrations, for a period of 10, 15, 20 and 25 d. The extent of damage to chlorophyll, protein, proline, nitrate and nitrite reductase, antioxidant enzyme activity in leaves and roots were evaluated after 10 d of cadmium stress. The higher concentration of cadmium （100 μmol/L） resulted （leaves and roots） total chlorophyll 91.01%, protein 79.51%, 83.61%, nitrate reductase 79.39%, 80.72% and nitrite reductase 77.07%, 75.88% activity decreased with increase in cadmium concentrations and exposure periods. Cadmium caused significant changes in the activity of antioxidative enzymes. Contrastingly Cd treated plant tissues showed an increase in proline 159.87%, 239.6%, gluthion reductase （GR） 337.72%, 306.14%, superoxide disumutase （SOD） 688.56%, 381.72%, ascorbate peroxidase （APX） 226.47%, 252.14%, peroxidase （POD） 72.19%, 60.29% and catalase （CAT） 228.96%, 214.74% as compared to control. Cadmium stress caused a significant increase in the rate of SOD activity in leaves and roots of plant species. Results show the crop A. hypogaea is highly sensitive even at very low cadmium concentrations.     

Screening of endogenous antioxidants in some medicinal plants

The evaluation of antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant metabolites was done in leaf tissues of Azadirachta indica, Butea monosperma, Cassia fistula, Mangifera indica, and Syzygium cumini growing in the Thar Desert, Rajasthan, India. The plants are naturally exposed to drought stress and high temperatures during summer. Enzymatic reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging mechanisms in plants include superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase, catalase, and guaiacol peroxidase, and non-enzymatic antioxidants including the carotenoids, proline, and vitamin C were studied. The strategies to cope up with ROS under these extreme conditions are plant-specific. The highest activity of APX was found in M. indica (13.6?±?2.4?units?g^?1 fresh wt.). A. indica exhibited maximum guaiacol peroxidase activity (0.024?±?0.006?units?min?g^?1 fresh wt.), while S. cumini showed maximum SOD (12.5?±?2.3?units?g^?1 fresh wt.) and catalase activities (6.9?±?2.2?units?g^?1 fresh wt.). M. indica and S. cumini have been found to be more potent antioxidant systems among the studied plants.     

大气汞浓度升高对水稻叶片生理效应的影响研究

采用大田开顶式气室熏气实验,研究大气汞浓度升高对水稻叶片气体交换参数、脯氨酸、丙二醛的积累以及超氧化物歧化酶活性的影响。实验结果显示,水稻叶片净光合速率(Pn)和气孔导度(Gs)随大气汞浓度的升高均较对照略微下降,表明大气汞浓度的升高对水稻光合作用和气孔开放程度有一定影响;扬花期水稻胞间CO2浓度(Ci)随大气汞浓度的升高明显降低(P0.05)表明Pn的略微下降属于气孔限制,同时蒸腾速率(Tr)显著增加(P0.01)表明大气汞对水稻的蒸腾生理功能有一定的影响。乳熟期水稻叶片气体交换参数与大气汞浓度无显著差异(P0.05),且各指标均低于扬花期。水稻叶片脯氨酸(Pro)含量在拔节期随大气汞浓度的升高而显著增加(P0.05),扬花期先升高后下降,在45 ng·m-3时达到最大,成熟期无显著差异(P0.05);水稻叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量在拔节期先升高后下降,45 ng·m-3时达到最大,扬花期和成熟期均无显著差异(P0.05);水稻叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性在拔节期先升高后下降,15 ng·m-3时达到最大,扬花期无显著差异(P0.05)。以上结果表明大气汞浓度的升高可以引起水稻叶片膜脂过氧化以及脯氨酸和丙二醛含量的积累,且随着体内Pro、MDA和SOD对大气汞胁迫的协同反应,水稻对逆境的适应能力增强,对汞胁迫产生了耐受性。