油菜的自交不亲和性和杂种优势育种

本文综述了油菜自交不亲和性的特征特性、遗传特点、分子机制、甘蓝型油菜自交不亲和性的选育方法、油菜自交不亲和性繁殖和油菜自交不亲和杂种优势利用途径与方法。     

酸雨对水稻、小麦和油菜种子萌发的影响

采用pH2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5、4.0与5.0模拟酸雨处理水稻、小麦和油菜种子的实验结果表明,3者在pH 2.0时不发芽,在pH 2.5时只有水稻和小麦异状发芽,pH≥3.0时,水稻、小麦和油菜种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数都与pH值显著正相关,水稻和小麦的异状发芽率则随pH值上升而降低.部分生理指标的实验结果表明,水稻、小麦和油菜的吸水值、呼吸速率和贮藏物质运转效率也与pH值显著正相关,水稻与小麦贮藏物质消耗率与pH值显著正相关,而油菜与pH值显著负相关;水稻、小麦和油菜的芽、根长抑制指数都与pH值显著负相关.酸雨胁迫下,种子各项指标变幅为水稻＜小麦＜油菜,这表明抗酸雨胁迫能力为水稻＞小麦＞油菜.     

硫对土壤中硒形态变化及油菜硒吸收的影响

本研究以优质高产甘蓝型油菜(湘农油571)为试验材料,通过苗期土培和溶液培养试验,分析了硫肥对外源施硒条件下土壤硒赋存形态和硒价态变化的影响,旨在揭示硫调控油菜硒吸收的作用机制.结果表明,5 mg·kg-1硒和150 mg·kg-1硫对油菜生长都有一定的促进作用,但这种促进都没有达到显著水平;施硫可以显著降低油菜地上部和根的硒含量,最高降幅分别为64.0%和39.1%;施硫可以显著降低土壤pH值,最高可降低0.65个单位,显著增加土壤有机质含量,最高可增加1.76 g·kg-1;施硫可以显著降低水溶态硒和铁锰氧化物结合态硒含量并显著增加有机结合态硒含量,而对交换态和残渣态硒含量的影响不显著;施硫可以显著降低水溶态并显著增加交换态中四价硒的含量,对这两种形态中的六价硒含量都表现为显著的降低作用,对负二价硒含量没有显著的影响;油菜对两种硒价态的吸收差异与硫密切相关,无硫时,六价硒处理的苗期油菜地上部和根的硒含量为四价硒处理的7.3倍和3.2倍,而硫浓度为2 mmol·L-1时,其硒含量却不及四价硒处理的32.6%和8.7%.总体上,施用适量硫肥在改善作物生长的同时可以通过降低土壤pH值和提高有机质含量促使水溶态硒在土壤中向铁锰氧化物结合态和有机结合态的钝化并抑制硒向六价态的转化来降低油菜对硒的吸收,对合理调控富硒地区作物硒含量,保证我国居民饮食质量和安全、土壤硒资源长效利用及区域经济发展具有重要意义.     

一株镉超积累植物东南景天特异内生细菌的筛选及鉴定

以我国原生的镉超积累植物东南景天为材料,从其根部筛选到4株对镉具有耐性的内生菌株,它们均可产生生长素(IAA)、铁载体等促生物质.砂培试验发现,接种上述菌株能促进油菜植株的生长,提高植物对镉的积累量,其中,以菌株SaN1的作用效果最显著,可使油菜苗期地上部的生物量和镉积累量分别提高18.6%和45%.生理生化鉴定与16S rDNA分析证明,SaN1为巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterum);该菌株接种到LB液体培养基后,12 h进入对数生长期,42 h达到稳定生长期,54 h进入衰亡期;其最佳培养温度为30℃,最适pH为中性.     

绿肥间作和秸秆覆盖对冬季油菜根际土壤有机碳及土壤呼吸的影响

在全球变暖的大背景下,农田土壤呼吸成为农业碳排放的主要途径,而绿肥对抑制温室气体排放、实现节能减排有巨大潜力.在我国西南紫色土地区,有关绿肥间作条件下的农田土壤呼吸特征尚不明确.通过绿肥紫云英与油菜间作,重点研究了秸秆覆盖条件下紫云英与油菜间作对冬季油菜根际土壤有机碳及土壤呼吸的影响.结果表明,与秸秆覆盖相比,隔根方式成为影响油菜根际土壤有机碳含量的主要因素,绿肥间作使油菜根际土壤有机碳含量显著降低;秸秆覆盖可促进油菜田间土壤呼吸,而绿肥间作抑制了油菜田间土壤呼吸,土壤呼吸受油菜生育阶段影响较大,呈现出先下降后升高再下降的总体特征,且与土壤温度之间表现出回归式抛物线关系,根际呼吸在油菜生长后期成为土壤呼吸的主要成分.     

Effects of elevated CO2 concentration on growth and water usage of tomato seedlings under different ammonium/nitrate ratios

Increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration is generally expected to enhance photosynthesis and growth of agricultural C3 vegetable crops, and therefore results in an increase in crop yield. However, little is known about the combined effect of elevated CO2 and N species on plant growth and development. Two growth-chamber experiments were conducted to determine the effects of NH4^＋/NO3^- ratio and elevated CO2 concentration on the physiological development and water use of tomato seedlings. Tomato was grown for 45 d in containers with nutrient solutions varying in NH4^＋/NO3^- ratios and CO2 concentrations in growth chambers. Results showed that plant height, stem thickness, total dry weight, dry weight of the leaves, stems and roots, G value （total plant dry weight/seedling days）, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, leaf-level and whole plant-level water use efficiency and cumulative water consumption of tomato seedlings were increased with increasing proportion of NO3- in nutrient solutions in the elevated CO2 treatment. Plant biomass, plant height, stem thickness and photosynthetic rate were 67%, 22%, 24% and 55% higher at elevated CO2 concentration than at ambient CO2 concentration, depending on the values of NH4^＋/NO3^- ratio. These results indicated that elevating CO2 concentration did not mitigate the adverse effects of 100% NH4^＋-N （in nutrient solution） on the tomato seedlings. At both CO2 levels, NH4^＋/NO3^- ratios of nutrient solutions strongly influenced almost every measure of plant performance, and nitrate-fed plants attained a greater biomass production, as compared to ammonium-fed plants. These phenomena seem to be related to the coordinated regulation of photosynthetic rate and cumulative water consumption of tomato seedlings.     

Maximum feasible distance of windborne cross-pollination in Brassica napus: A ‘mass budget’ model

A theory of gene dispersal by wind pollination can make an important contribution to understanding the viability and evolution of important plant groups in the Earth's changing landscape and it can be applied to evaluate concerns about the spread of engineered genes from genetically modified (GM) crops into conventional varieties via windborne pollen. Here, we present a model of cross-pollination between plant populations due to the wind. We perform a ‘mass budget’ of pollen by accounting for the number of pollen grains from release in the source population, dispersal from the source to the sink population by the wind, and deposition on receptive surfaces in the sink population. Our model can be parameterised for any wind-pollinated species, but we apply it to Brassica napus (oilseed rape or canola) to investigate the threat posed by wind pollination to GM confinement in agriculture. Specifically, we calculate the maximum feasible distance at which a particular level of windborne gene dispersal could be attained. This is equivalent to the separation distance between populations or fields required to achieve a given threshold of gene dispersal or adventitious GM presence. As required, model predictions of the upper bounds on levels of wind-mediated gene dispersal exceed observations from a wide range of published studies. For a level of gene dispersal below 0.9%, which is the EU threshold for GM adventitious presence, we predict that the maximum feasible distance for agricultural fields of B. napus is 1000 m, regardless of field shape and direction of prevailing winds. For fields closer than 1000 m, our model results do not necessarily imply that the 0.9% threshold is likely to be breached, because in this instance we have conservatively set the values of parameters where current knowledge is limited. We also predict that gene dispersal is reduced by 50% when the lag in peak flowering between the source and sink populations is 13 days, and reduced by 90% when the lag is 24 days. We identify further measurements necessary to improve the accuracy of the model predictions.     

不同氮肥对油菜B与Mo吸收的影响

利用盆栽试验研究了潮土中不同氮肥对油菜硼钼吸收的影响，结果表明，前期(5周)施氮并没有促进油菜的生长，而且大部分氮肥对油菜生长表现抑制作用，氯化铵处理的作用最大，硫酸铵和尿素处理次之，硝酸铵处理再次之；不同氮肥均有抑制油菜生长前期(5周)硼吸收和累积的作用，其中以氯化铵、硝酸铵和尿素的作用为甚；不同氮肥同样抑制油菜生长前期(5周)对钼的吸收和累积，以硫酸铵处理作用最突出，氯化铵处理次之。但随着时间的推移，10、15周不同氮肥大多促进油菜的生长，增加油菜对硼钼的吸收和累积，且各氮肥处理间的差异逐步减小。     

四湖地区涝渍地油菜田杂草发生特点及防治对策

通过对湖北省涝渍地开发工程技术研究中心高场示范围场油菜田的田间杂草进行调查，发现涝渍地油菜田杂草的发生特点与非涝渍地存在明显的区别：在涝渍地区域，棒头草等禾本科杂草生长旺盛，为最优势种群；在非涝渍地田块中，禾本科杂草则几乎没有生长，田问杂草单位面积鲜重也大大降低。通过筛选几种化学除草剂，建立了以乙草胺乳油土壤处理或精禾草克与高特克桶混茎叶喷雾为较优方案的杂草防治措施。     

Responses of antioxidant enzyme and photosynthesis in rape seedling to the combined stresses from simulated acid rain and elevated ultraviolet-B radiation

Effects of the simulated acid rain（AR） and ultraviolet-B（UV-B, 280-320 nm） radiation with a single or two ways simultaneously （AR ＋ UV-B） on the antioxidant enzyme and photosynthesis of the rape seedlings were investigated by the hydroponic culture. The results of static experiment indicated that the tolerance of rape seedling to single stress（AR or UV-B） is stronger than that to dual stresses（AR ＋ UV-B）. Furthermore, the dual stresses had additive effect on catalase activity, and a synergistic effect on MDA content, net photosynthesis rate, water use efficiency as well as intercellular CO2 concentration. Meanwhile, it has an independent effect on chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate as well as membrane permeability. During 64 h restoration course, the dynamic change in the curves of physiological and biochemical indices were not identical, and none of them show a simple linear variation. According to the static and dynamic experiments, it was found that a responsive sequence of catalase activity, membrane permeability, MDA content and photosynthetic characteristics to the above-mentioned stresses was as follows： AR ＋ UV-B 〉 UV-B 〉 AR.