Towards a framework for assessment and management of cumulative human impacts on marine food webs

Effective ecosystem‐based management requires understanding ecosystem responses to multiple human threats, rather than focusing on single threats. To understand ecosystem responses to anthropogenic threats holistically, it is necessary to know how threats affect different components within ecosystems and ultimately alter ecosystem functioning. We used a case study of a Mediterranean seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) food web and expert knowledge elicitation in an application of the initial steps of a framework for assessment of cumulative human impacts on food webs. We produced a conceptual seagrass food web model, determined the main trophic relationships, identified the main threats to the food web components, and assessed the components’ vulnerability to those threats. Some threats had high (e.g., coastal infrastructure) or low impacts (e.g., agricultural runoff) on all food web components, whereas others (e.g., introduced carnivores) had very different impacts on each component. Partitioning the ecosystem into its components enabled us to identify threats previously overlooked and to reevaluate the importance of threats commonly perceived as major. By incorporating this understanding of system vulnerability with data on changes in the state of each threat (e.g., decreasing domestic pollution and increasing fishing) into a food web model, managers may be better able to estimate and predict cumulative human impacts on ecosystems and to prioritize conservation actions.     

Critically evaluating best management practices for preventing freshwater turtle extinctions

Ex situ conservation tools, such as captive breeding for reintroduction, are considered a last resort to recover threatened or endangered species, but they may also help reduce anthropogenic threats where it is difficult or impossible to address them directly. Headstarting, or captive rearing of eggs or neonate animals for subsequent release into the wild, is controversial because it treats only a symptom of a larger conservation problem; however, it may provide a mechanism to address multiple threats, particularly near population centers. We conducted a population viability analysis of Australia's most widespread freshwater turtle, Chelodina longicollis, to determine the effect of adult roadkill (death by collision with motor vehicles), which is increasing, and reduced recruitment through nest predation from introduced European red foxes (Vulpes vulpes). We also modeled management scenarios to test the effectiveness of headstarting, fox management, and measures to reduce mortality on roads. Only scenarios with headstarting from source populations eliminated all risks of extinction and allowed population growth. Small increases in adult mortality (2%) had the greatest effect on population growth and extinction risk. Where threats simultaneously affected other life‐history stages (e.g., recruitment), eliminating harvest pressures on adult females alone did not eliminate the risk of population extinction. In our models, one source population could supply enough hatchlings annually to supplement 25 other similar‐sized populations such that extinction was avoided. Based on our results, we believe headstarting should be a primary tool for managing freshwater turtles for which threats affect multiple life‐history stages. We advocate the creation of source populations for managing freshwater turtles that are greatly threatened at multiple life‐history stages, such as depredation of eggs by invasive species and adult mortality via roadkill.     

城市电磁环境建模及网络监测系统的构想

随着科技的发展和城市建设速度的加快,电磁污染的问题已经越来越受到各界的重视与关注。该文首先介绍了时域有限差分法的基本概念,并建立了基于时域有限差分法计算的数学模型,然后针对城市电磁环境的特点,从电磁污染产生的根源和电磁干扰的种类入手进行研究,对电磁污染的监测方式进行了讨论,在此基础上,给出了一种基于GPS定位技术和GPRS无线传输技术的城市电磁环境网络监测系统的构想,并对系统结构及其所实现的功能进行了讨论。     

基于3S的济南湿地资源调查及碳汇功能研究

采用RS、GIS和GPS技术对2008年济南市TM卫星假彩色数字影像进行解译,并利用GPS仪进行了野外考察验证,现场调查了济南市湿地生物多样性,获取了较为全面、完整和系统的济南市湿地资源信息,建立了全市湿地资源数据库并进行了济南市不同湿地类型碳汇功能的初步研究。结果表明,济南市湿地总面积为327.6 km2,其中天然湿地面积为258.3 km2,占济南市湿地面积的78.85%,济南市湿地面积比全国、山东省湿地面积分别高出0.4%、3.1%,主要分布在济南境内的黄河两岸和商河等区县;济南市湿地总碳储量为747万t,约占济南市整个生态系统碳汇的8.9%,与全球湿地总碳储量的比例基本相当,2008年碳增量为32万t,其中沼泽湿地碳储量和碳增量均最大,分别为541万t和27万t,分别占济南市湿地资源的84.4%和72.4%。     

GPS导航定位技术在环境应急监测车载系统中的应用

主要论述了车载GPS导航定位技术的系统原理以及车载监控导航系统在环境应急监测车辆导航、监控等方面的应用和对环境应急监测车中的车载监控导航系统和监控车载系统设计,并重点介绍了车载监控导航系统的设计与实现,该系统将400 m超短波通信网与GPS相结合,利用超短波方式、扩频电台数据传输功能,实现环境应急监测车辆与环境污染源监控中心的双向数据传输,以实施对监测车辆运行状态、安全状态、技术状态的监控,以此提升污染源自动监控能力建设,及时准确地完成应尽监测工作。     

Effects of human footprint and biophysical factors on the body-size structure of fished marine species

Marine fisheries in coastal ecosystems in many areas of the world have historically removed large-bodied individuals, potentially impairing ecosystem functioning and the long-term sustainability of fish populations. Reporting on size-based indicators that link to food-web structure can contribute to ecosystem-based management, but the application of these indicators over large (cross-ecosystem) geographical scales has been limited to either fisheries-dependent catch data or diver-based methods restricted to shallow waters (<20 m) that can misrepresent the abundance of large-bodied fished species. We obtained data on the body-size structure of 82 recreationally or commercially targeted marine demersal teleosts from 2904 deployments of baited remote underwater stereo-video (stereo-BRUV). Sampling was at up to 50 m depth and covered approximately 10,000 km of the continental shelf of Australia. Seascape relief, water depth, and human gravity (i.e., a proxy of human impacts) were the strongest predictors of the probability of occurrence of large fishes and the abundance of fishes above the minimum legal size of capture. No-take marine reserves had a positive effect on the abundance of fishes above legal size, although the effect varied across species groups. In contrast, sublegal fishes were best predicted by gradients in sea surface temperature (mean and variance). In areas of low human impact, large fishes were about three times more likely to be encountered and fishes of legal size were approximately five times more abundant. For conspicuous species groups with contrasting habitat, environmental, and biogeographic affinities, abundance of legal-size fishes typically declined as human impact increased. Our large-scale quantitative analyses highlight the combined importance of seascape complexity, regions with low human footprint, and no-take marine reserves in protecting large-bodied fishes across a broad range of species and ecosystem configurations.     

基于C/S结构的多用户GPS移动定位与远程追踪系统的研究与设计

随着无线网络的发展,地理信息突破了无法随身携带的限制,可以通过手持设备获取对象的地理信息。讨论了多用户GPS移动定位追踪系统的研究与设计。该系统的设计基于C/S结构,采用移动端智能系统、Socket通信、多线程等方法,把数据传输到中心数据库服务器;用户可以从屏幕上实时观察、精确定位多个对象(包括个人,车辆等)的地理位置,计算行进速度,并且可以看出运动轨迹等。这套系统可以应用于应急疏散、油气井、化工厂、军工等各个安全生产领域。     

移动式甲烷检测及远程处置系统设计

设计了一个甲烷气体巡检及远程处置系统。采用可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术（TDLAS）对甲烷气体浓度进行移动探测,通过全球定位模块获取地理坐标等信息,通过无线网络传输数据。对数据进行远程计算、处理、分发,视不同情况发送报警信号。应用于城镇区域甲烷泄漏、积聚状况的巡检、预警及应急指挥。便于及时发现事故隐患,科学应急处置。     

Lessons from seabird conservation in Alaskan longline fisheries

Although bycatch of seabirds and other long-lived species is a critical conservation issue in world fisheries, case studies documenting significant reductions in the mortality of these low-productivity species in a fishery are rare. We studied progress toward seabird conservation in the Alaskan longline fisheries, one of the largest and most diverse demersal fisheries. We generated annual seabird bycatch rates in 4 target fisheries and all fisheries combined from 23 years of fisheries observer data. We used 0-inflated negative binomial models to evaluate variables influencing seabird bycatch per unit effort (BPUE) in 2 target fisheries. Following adoption of streamer lines, at first voluntarily and then mandatorily, seabird BPUE was reduced by 77–90%, preventing mortality of thousands of birds per year. Despite this, BPUE increased significantly in 2 of 4 target fisheries since streamer lines were adopted. Although night setting yielded significant reductions (74–97%) in seabird BPUE and significant increases (7–11%) in fish catch per unit effort over daytime setting, nighttime setting increased the BPUE of Northern Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) by 40% and nontarget fish species by 5–17%. Thus, best practices to prevent seabird mortalities in longline fisheries varied by species assemblage and fishery. Our results inform global efforts toward fisheries bycatch reduction by illustrating that successful conservation requires fishery-specific solutions, strong industry support, constant vigilance in analysis and reporting observer data, and ongoing outreach to fleets, especially to vessels with anomalously high BPUE.     

飞艇地面定向天线自动跟踪系统设计

本文针对解决动力飞艇监视系统中,地面定向天线自动跟踪问题,利用电子罗盘和GPS(global positioning system)接收机技术,设计飞艇地面定向天线自动跟踪系统。该系统以单片机为核心,完成车载移动式地面站和动力飞艇的经纬度、高度数据,和天线方位角、俯仰角的采集,运用提出的天线定向算法对数据进行处理,计算出天线方位角和俯仰角,驱动步进电机的运转,使定向天线指向飞艇,实现对目标的精确跟踪。