垃圾堆肥在北方潮土地区的农用研究

研究结果表明：垃圾堆肥具有促进作物增产的作用，并不会引起重金属污染。但在北方潮土地区，垃圾肥施用量以４０～５０ｔ·ｈｍ－２·茬－１为宜。过量施用垃圾肥不仅会引起施肥经济效益明显降低，且会引起土壤砂化。研究还表明，粘质土壤对垃圾肥有更大的容纳量。     

城市生活垃圾的DSC和TGA分析与热值估算

利用微分扫描量热仪（ＤＳＣ）准确地测定了城市生活垃圾的含水率；热重分析仪（ＴＧＡ）测定了垃圾的水和低温下有机物总含量、难挥发性有机物和灼烧残渣的含量。根据量热和热量分析结果，可方便地计算垃圾的水和低温条件下易挥发性有机物含量，结合６０９种有机物的燃烧热，估算了垃圾的热值。     

垃圾堆肥微生物接种实验

从２２个垃圾堆肥、畜粪、土壤等样品中分离获得纤维分解菌１９８株，选其中２株生长快、粗纤维分解能力强的菌株制成菌剂，以０．０５％～０．１％的接种量加入二次发酵的垃圾堆肥中。结果，接菌堆肥比不接菌堆肥升温快且高，高温维持时间长，真菌和纤维分解菌数量多，腐植质含量提高２１％～２６％。肥效试验证明，施接菌堆肥比施不接菌堆肥的可使青莱增产９．９％。     

垃圾焚烧烟气净化和二噁英污染物的控制技术

采用焚烧法处理城市生活垃圾,在我国正得到广泛的推广应用,但焚烧也带来二噁英污染,它严重威胁着人类的健康,世界各国正在采取积极措施控制。文章介绍了二噁英的结构、性质和形成机理,从焚烧前、焚烧中、焚烧后三个方面评述了国内外近年来所发展的对二噁英污染物的控制技术。     

Trace metal emissions from co-combustion of refuse derived and packaging derived fuels in a circulating fluidized bed boiler

Energy recovery from refuse derived fuels (RDF) and packaging derived fuels (PDF) is one option in integrated waste management. Nine RDF and PDF co-combustion tests with peat and coal in a circulating fluidized bed boiler were carried out in this work. Heavy metal emissions in flue gas and fly ash were measured. Multivariate data analyses were used to find out the most important parameters affecting metal emissions in the flue gas.

The results showed that total heavy metal emissions were low. Although RDF and PDF had more heavy metals than peat and coal, the multivariate data analysis showed that an increase of the RDF or PDF share in the fuel mixture up to 20% did not correlate directly with the metal emissions in the flue gas. Distribution of Cd, Cu, Zn and Sn between flue gas and fly ash correlated with each other. Injection of limestone to bind sulphur and chlorine did not have a significant effect on heavy metal emissions in the flue gas. Heavy metals concentrated on the fly ash, but all fly ashes passed the EPA-TCLP tests.     

Fate of ah receptor agonists during biological treatment of an industrial sludge containing explosives and pharmaceutical residues

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Sweden is meeting prohibition for deposition of organic waste from 2005. Since 1 million tons of sludge is produced every year in Sweden and the capacity for incineration does not fill the demands, other methods of sludge management have to be introduced to a higher degree. Two biological treatment alternatives are anaerobic digestion and composting. Different oxygen concentrations result in different microbial degradation pathways and, consequently, in a different quality of the digestion or composting residue, It is therefore necessary to study sludge treatment during different oxygen regimes in order to follow both degradation of compounds and change in toxicity. In this study, an industrial sludge containing explosives and pharmaceutical residues was treated with anaerobic digestion or composting, and the change in toxicity was studied. Nitroaromatic compounds, which are the main ingredients of both pharmaceutical and explosives, are well known to cause cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. However, little data are available concerning sludge with nitroaromatics and any associated dioxin-like activity. Therefore, we studied the sludge before and after the treatments in order to detect any changes in levels of Ah receptor (AhR) agonists using two bioassays for dioxin-like compounds. METHODS: An industrial sludge was treated with anaerobic digestion or composting in small reactors in a semi-continuous manner. The same volume as the feeding volume was taken out daily and stored at -20 degrees C. Sample preparation for the bioassays was done by extraction using organic solvents, followed by clean up with silica gel or sulphuric acid, yielding two fractions. The fractions were dissolved in DMSO and tested in the bioassays. The dioxin-like activity was measured using the DR-CALUX assay with transfected H4IIE rat hepatoma pGudluc cells and an EROD induction assay with RTL-W1 rainbow trout liver cells. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The bioassays showed that the sludge contained AhR agonists at levels of TCDD equivalents (TEQs) higher than other sludge types in Sweden. In addition, the TEQ values for the acid resistant fractions increased considerably after anaerobic digestion, resulting in an apparent formation of acid resistant TEQs in the anaerobic reactors. Similar results have been reported from studies of fermented household waste. There was a large difference in effects between the two bioassays, with higher TEQ levels in the RTL-W1 EROD assay than in the DR-CALUX assay. This is possibly due to a more rapid metabolism in rat hepatocytes than in trout hepatocytes or to differences in sensitivities for the AhR agonists in the sludge. It was also demonstrated by GC/FID analysis that the sludge contained high concentrations of nitroaromatics. It is suggested that nitroaromatic metabolites, such as aromatic amines and nitroanilines, are possible candidates for the observed bioassay effects. It was also found that the AhR agonists in the sludge samples were volatile. CONCLUSIONS: The sludge contained fairly high concentrations of volatile AhR agonists. The increase of acid resistant AhR agonist after anaerobic digestion warrants further investigations of the chemical and toxic properties of these compounds and of the mechanisms behind this observation. RECOMMENDATION AND OUTLOOK: This study has pointed out the benefits of using different types of mechanism-specific bioassays when evaluating the change in toxicity by sludge treatment, in which measurement of dioxin-like activity can be a valuable tool. In order to study the recalcitrant properties of the compounds in the sludge using the DR-CALUX assay, the exposure time can be varied between 6 and 24 hours. The properties of the acid-resistant AhR agonists formed in the anaerobic treatment have to be investigated in order to choose the most appropriate method for sludge management.     

油泥废弃物的生物修复技术研究

本文利用正交试验 ,探讨了堆腐法处理油泥废弃物过程中调控因子 (肥料、客土、水分和 pH)的影响。结果发现 ,投加一定量的客土是影响处理效果的重要因子。通过正交试验选择和确定的最佳处理条件为 :在自然温度 >2 0℃的情况下 ,客土投加量 2 0 %、肥料 10 %、菌剂 5 %、控制水分 30 % (烘干基 )和pH 7。优化条件的建立为油泥废弃物的深度处理提供了理论依据     

堆肥法处理含油污泥研究进展

含油污泥是炼油厂和石油化工厂的日产固体废弃物 ,是当前石化行业所面临的污染问题。本文给出了近期国内外对含油污泥的处理方法 ,并对堆肥法处理含油污泥进行了综述。含油污泥的堆肥处理需提供氧气、菌种和营养 ,为保持油泥的疏松状态 ,还需加入填充剂。本文对高速生物反应器的结构、运行、调控进行了详细介绍 ,并从经济核算角度指出了其运营可行性     

农业蔬菜废物处理方法研究进展和探讨

目前我国农业蔬菜废物污染问题正日益加重 ,蔬菜废物和其他固体废物相比具有高含水率、高营养成分和基本无毒害的特性 ,适宜于单独收集处理。本文介绍了国内外蔬菜废物处理方法的研究进展 ,包括好氧堆肥法、厌氧消化法、好氧 -厌氧联合处理法 ,并对这些方法的适用条件进行了论述。同时 ,探讨了接种微生物自然堆沤法的初步研究结果     

卧式螺旋污泥好氧动态堆肥技术的研究

利用卧式螺旋式污泥好氧堆肥装置进行间歇式动态堆肥,对污水厂厌氧消化污泥进行了中温堆肥试验研究.通过控制各组堆肥的含水率、物料配比和通气量,重点探讨各种条件下堆体温度与有机物降解的关系.试验结果表明,厌氧消化污泥以木屑为调理剂在装置中可以实现好氧堆肥处理,其适宜的物料控制参数为:污泥:木屑=10:1～1.5(湿重比),堆肥含水率50%～60%;过程控制参数为:通风量为6.7～8.3 m3/h·t,发酵周期为8 d,温度45℃.