Sediment Contaminant Chemistry and Toxicity of Freshwater Urban Wetlands in Southern California1

Brown, Jeffrey S., Martha Sutula, Chris Stransky, John Rudolph, and Earl Byron, 2010. Sediment Contaminant Chemistry and Toxicity of Freshwater Urban Wetlands in Southern California. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(2):367-384. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00407.x Abstract: Wetlands provide many critical functions in urban ecosystems, including habitat for wetland-dependent fauna and enhancement of water quality. Interest in restoring or creating wetlands to enhance these functions is increasing due to the scale and extent of wetland loss and water quality problems associated with urbanization. One of the most pressing questions associated with urban wetland restoration is the extent to which urban wetlands tend to concentrate contaminants, and if so, whether an associated risk to wildlife exists. The goal of this study was to better understand these potential risks, and the associated tradeoffs with using wetlands to treat urban runoff. Sediment toxicity, contaminant chemistry, and macroinvertebrate (MI) community metrics were measured in 21 southern California wetlands that receive urban runoff as their primary water source. MI organisms in 18 of the 21 urban wetlands examined were considered to be at risk due to sediment contaminant concentrations and toxicity. Most of the sites were either toxic to the amphipod Hyalella azteca, exceeded a sediment quality guideline, or both. Sediment chemistry and toxicity identification evaluation studies suggest that pyrethroid pesticides may have been responsible for much of the toxicity documented in this study. The mean Probable Effects Concentration quotient (an index of degree of sediment contamination) was found to negatively correlate with MI diversity in these wetlands suggesting that toxicity was affecting organisms at the base of the food chain in these wetlands.     

SO2的危害及其流行病学与毒理学研究

二氧化硫(SO2)是大气中最常见的污染物之一.SO2的大量排放使城市空气污染不断加重,对环境和人类健康造成了极大的危害.大量的流行病学研究表明SO2不仅可以引起呼吸系统疾病,而且对心血管系统,甚至生殖系统都会产生影响;毒理学研究也表明SO2对人和动物多种组织器官均有毒性作用,有些毒作用甚至比肺组织的改变还要严重,SO2是一种全身性毒物.而通过产生各种自由基引起器官组织发生氧化损伤作用可能是SO2毒作用的一种主要机制.     

Indirect interactions between invasive and native plants via pollinators

In generalised pollination systems, the presence of alien plant species may change the foraging behaviour of pollinators on native plant species, which could result in reduced reproductive success of native plant species. We tested this idea of indirect interactions on a small spatial and temporal scale in a field study in Mauritius, where the invasive strawberry guava, Psidium cattleianum, provides additional floral resources for insect pollinators. We predicted that the presence of flowering guava would indirectly and negatively affect the reproductive success of the endemic plant Bertiera zaluzania, which has similar flowers, by diverting shared pollinators. We removed P. cattleianum flowers within a 5-m radius from around half the B. zaluzania target plants (treatment) and left P. cattleianum flowers intact around the other half (control). By far, the most abundant and shared pollinator was the introduced honey bee, Apis mellifera, but its visitation rates to treatment and control plants were similar. Likewise, fruit and seed set and fruit size and weight of B. zaluzania were not influenced by the presence of P. cattleianum flowers. Although other studies have shown small-scale effects of alien plant species on neighbouring natives, we found no evidence for such negative indirect interactions in our system. The dominance of introduced, established A. mellifera indicates their replacement of native insect flower visitors and their function as pollinators of native plant species. However, the pollination effectiveness of A. mellifera in comparison to native pollinators is unknown. Christine B. Müller, deceased 7 March 2008.     

A LESSON FROM THE MAIN TOXIC DISASTERS IN THE 20th CENTURY

Ｔｏｘｉｃｄｉｓａｓｔｅｒｓｒｅｆｅｒｔｏｓｅｒｉｏｕｓｐｏｉｓｏｎｉｎｇｅｖｅｎｔｓｔｈａｔｏｃｃｕｒｓｕｄｄｅｎｌｙ ,ｃａｕｓｅｓｅｖｅｒｅｃａｓｕａｌｔｙａｎｄｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｌｏｓｓｅｓａｎｄｐｒｏｄｕｃｅｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅ.Ｔｈｅ 2 0ｔｈｃｅｎｔｕｒｙｈａｓｗｉｔｎｅｓｓｅｄｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｔｔｏｘｉｃｄｉｓａｓｔｅｒｓｉｎｍａｎｙｐａｒｔｓｏｆｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄ .ＴｈｅｐｕｂｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆＣａｒｓｏｎ’ｓｂｏｏｋ《ＳｉｌｅｎｔＳｐｒｉｎｇ》ｉ…     

Plasticity in size and age at maturity in a monogamous fish: effect of host coral size and frequency dependence

The number and maximum body size of the gobioid fish, Paragobiodon echinocephalus, increase with the size of its obligate host coral, Stylophora. Only the largest two individuals breed monogamously in each coral head, and the reproductive success of each spawning is positively correlated with body size. In this study, the plasticity in size and age at maturity in P. echinocephalus was examined. We analyzed life history data from gobies 15–20 mm TL (total length) at their initial marking. Gobies found in larger corals were of lower rank in size order and began to breed later at a larger size, usually upon moving to other corals. The size at maturity ranged widely from 17.2 to 36.0 mm TL. After maturation, growth rates decreased. Mortality, however, was not affected by the timing of maturation. The host coral size did not affect the growth and mortality of marked fish, but the mortality rate of juveniles prior to marking appeared to be higher in smaller corals. The estimated lifetime reproductive success did not differ between the gobies inhabiting corals of different size. Thus the plasticity in size and age at maturity in this species may be maintained by frequency-dependent selection in choosing a host coral size that affects an individual’s social status. Received: 5 April 1995/Accepted after revision: 18 February 1996     

苏北海滨湿地互花米草无性分株扩张能力

在新洋港滩涂由海向陆建立样地:光滩(mudflat)、零星互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)斑块(SAP)、稳定互花米草滩下边缘(SAFI)、2003年互花米草定居处(SAF03)1、989年互花米草定居处(SAF89)、碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)滩(SS)及禾草滩(GF),各样地原位栽培9株生长无差异的互花米草分蘖幼苗(1 m×1 m样方,3次重复),分析互花米草生长指标和繁殖成功率,研究互花米草在苏北海滨湿地的扩张能力。结果表明:(1)mudflat处互花米草分蘖幼苗存活率为7.8%,极显著低于其他样地,SAP、SAFI、SAF03、SAF89、SS和GF样地互花米草存活率分别为88.9%7、7.8%、60.0%、81.1%、0和66.6%;(2)mudflat处根状茎数量显著高于其他样地,但互花米草种子千粒重显著低于其他样地,127 d时mudflat、SAP、SAFI、SAF03、SAF89及GF处互花米草数量比原先存活的互花米草数量分别增加了24.81、9.73、0.26、.7、5.8和3.0倍;(3)SAP、SAFI及SAF89间总生物量无显著差异(P>0.05),且显著...     

金钟藤（Merremia boisiana）生物学特点初探

测定了金钟藤（Merremia boisiana）枝条的生长速度,其枝条在生长季内平均每天长0．43-3-3cm,最快达7．8cm,且强枝能产生新的侧枝,营养生长能力强;调查了金钟藤始花期、开花数目、花期长短,并与其结实率进行相关性比较,发现金钟藤始花期和开花数目与结实率无显著相关性,而金钟藤花期长短与结实率呈显著负相关性（花期越长,结实率越低）,且开花较多,但果实、种子极少,种子繁殖力低。     

Genomic instability in the bank vole: Population-ecological aspects

Chromosome aberration frequency in relation to population dynamics and demographic parameters was studied for six years in a bank vole population in the Middle Urals. The frequencies of structural chromosome aberrations, chromatid gaps, aneuploidy, and polyploidy in males and females and in animals of different ages did not differ significantly. In the breeding period, the frequencies of structural aberrations and changes in chromosome number increased in the somatic cells of voles. Highly significant differences between the levels of chromosome instability in different years manifested a tendency toward a negative correlation with population size.     

环境毒理学与环境监测

环境毒理学近年来得到了较快的发展，它为制定环境卫生标准、评价环境质量、采取防治对策提供了科学依据。文章论述了环境毒理学的特点、主要研究内容；评述了当前环境监测中的某些局限性，以及环境毒理学在环境监测各个领域中的应用和进展情况。     

石河子市采暖季和非采暖季住宅中邻苯二甲酸酯的污染特征及婴幼儿健康风险评估

为了解石河子市住宅中邻苯二甲酸酯(Phthalates,PAEs)的污染特征及PAEs对婴幼儿产生的健康风险.本研究对石河子市采暖季和非采暖季50户住宅降尘中的7种PAEs物质进行检测,利用蒙特卡洛(Monte Carlo)模拟和生理提取实验(PBET)评估了PAEs暴露对0～3岁婴幼儿产生的生殖和癌症风险.结果表明:①不同时期石河子市卧室和客厅降尘中邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(diisobutyl phthalate,DIBP)、邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯(Dibutyl phthalate,DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯[Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate,DEHP]均为室内PAEs的主要组成物质,占总PAEs的99.5%以上,其中DEHP为首要PAEs物质(浓度中位数值为361～462μg·g~(-1)),DBP次之(浓度中位数值为94.9～166μg·g~(-1));②除DIBP外,采暖季卧室和客厅降尘中各PAEs的浓度均高于非采暖季,且差异具有统计学显著性(p0.05),此趋势对小分子质量的邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(Dimethyl phthalate,DMP)和邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(Diethyl phthalate,DEP)而言更明显,DMP采暖季浓度中位数值:0.36～0.42μg·g~(-1)非采暖季:nd,DEP采暖季:0.65～0.71μg·g~(-1)非采暖季:nd～0.03μg·g~(-1);③利用风险指数(HQ)进行健康风险评估表明,采暖季和非采暖季DBP暴露可能会对0～3岁婴幼儿产生较大的生殖风险(HQ_(DBP )=2.62～5.79);DEHP暴露可能会对0～2岁婴幼儿产生较大的癌症风险(HQ_(DEHP)=3.51～5.22).当考虑生物可及性后,仍有8%～37%的婴幼儿可能存在生殖风险,几乎所有婴幼儿无癌症风险.