Persistence of carbaryl and its risk assessment through consumption of treated grapes

The average initial deposits of carbaryl were observed to be 1.4 and 3.1?mg?kg^?1, respectively, following four applications of the insecticide at 4.95 and 9.9?kg active ingredient per hectare. Residues of carbaryl dissipated below its limit of quantification of 50?µg?kg^?1 after 7 and 10 days at single and double the application dosage, respectively. The half-life values (t _1/2) of carbaryl were worked out to be 1.3 and 0.7 days, respectively, at single and double dosages. The acceptable daily intake (ADI) for carbaryl has been fixed at 8?µg?kg^?1 body weight per day. Keeping in view the residues of carbaryl observed one day after the last application, a child of 10?kg and an adult of 60?kg will have an intake of 77 and 154?µg carbaryl after consumption of 100 and 200?g grapes, in comparison to its ADI of 80 and 480?µg; thus, no health risk is to be expected. Therefore, a waiting period of 1 day has been suggested for the safe consumption of carbaryl-treated grapes to avoid any health hazards.     

Organochlorine pesticide residues in fodder from rural areas of Haryana,India

Residues of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) namely 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCH-isomers), 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) and its metabolites, and endosulfan stereoisomers were analyzed in dry and green fodder samples from rural areas of Ambala, Gurgaon, and Hisar districts of Haryana, India during winter, summer, and post-monsoon seasons. The HCH isomers γ-HCH and β-HCH, and DDT and its metabolites p,p′-DDD, p,p′-DDE, and p,p′-DDT had more traceability in test samples as compared to other isomers and metabolites studied. Total OCPs (ΣOCPs), i.e., ΣHCH, ΣDDT, and Σendosulfan were found to be the highest in wheat straw (1.1–1.2?mg?kg^?1) from Ambala and Gurgaon, followed by that in sorghum straw (0.46?mg?kg^?1) from Hisar. Dry fodder samples were found to have relatively higher residue levels than green fodders. In case of green fodder samples, maximum ΣOCP residues of 0.44?mg?kg^?1 were found in whole plant samples of sorghum from Gurgaon district followed by that in pearl millet (0.40?mg?kg^?1) from Ambala. The findings indicate highly significant differences (p?>?0.0001) in ΣOCPs and ΣDDT in wheat straw between different districts and reveal the persistence of OCP residues in both dry and green fodder samples in the study area.     

14C-Ethion residues in soybean seeds: metabolic pathway,effect of processing,bioavailability, toxicity and protective action of artichoke leaf powder towards rats

The metabolic fate of ethion labeled with ¹⁴C-at the ethyl ester groups in soybean seeds following topical application to leaves was studied. Chromatographic analysis of soybean oil revealed the presence of the parent compound together with four metabolites which were identified as ethion monooxon, ethion dioxon, O-ethyl phosphorothioate and O,O-diethyl phosphorothioate. The effect of processing on ethion residues in soybean oil was investigated. The refined oil contained small amounts of the ¹⁴C-residues originally present (37.5%). Upon feeding rats with the cake containing ethion bound residues, a substantial amount of ¹⁴C-residues was eliminated in the urine (73%), and about 6% excreted with the feces. About 5% of the radioactive residues were distributed among various organs. Mature male Wistar rats were fed on soybean seeds containing ethion residues (1.93 ppm), and on artichoke leaves powder (1% W/W) for four weeks. At the end of the experimental period, the ethion-treated group had a significantly higher alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, urea, creatinine, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels. The ethion-treated rats also had a lower total serum protein and albumin levels, as well as acetyl cholinesterase (AChE), catalase (CAT), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity as compared with controls. Moreover, concomitant treatment with artichoke leaf powder improved, at least partially, all the biochemical parameters that were altered by ethion.     

The ecosystem of the bay of Mali Ston natural and anthropogenic influence

Chemical hydrography, nutrients and trace metals in water, sediments and marine organisms were studied in the Bay of Mali Ston and their role in terms of pollution discussed. Results show that the entire study area is very strongly affected by the adjacent land. The overall area is well aerated so that no dangerous accumulation of nutrients with oxygen content reduction was recorded.

Results of analyses of trace metals show that the water and sediments of the bay contain high levels of some metals significantly higher than those from the open sea. This may be attributed to the natural sedimentation processes and the Neretva River and submarine spring runoffs carrying constituents of ignous and limestone rocks.     

Concentration of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rain,soil and ground water around Ismailia,Egypt

Residues of acenaphthylene, fluorene, anthracene, pyrene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene and benzo(k)fluoranthene were monitored in rain, soil and groundwater around Ismailia, in northeast Egypt. Residues detected in rain water in 1995 and 1996 were mainly of relatively low molecular weight. Both acenaphthylene and fluorene were detected in rain for the two consecutive years. Top soil has shown a wider spectrum and higher concentrations of (PAHs) than those detected in deep soil, rain and ground water. Only three compounds, acenaphthylene, fluorene and anthracene were detected in samples collected at 50 cm depth. While no traces of PAHs were detected at 1 m depth detectable concentrations of fluorene and anthracene were monitored in groundwater.     

抗生素菌渣处理处置技术进展

我国是抗生素原料药生产大国,抗生素菌渣产生量大、处理难度大,且属于危险固废,其合理、安全处置是目前制药企业亟待解决的难题。对抗生素菌渣的焚烧、肥料化、饲料化、填埋、能源化及其他处理处置技术的现状进行了归纳和总结,并对抗生素菌渣处理处置技术的发展趋势进行了展望。     

东海近岸海域不同贝类体内挥发性酚残留的时空变化及其污染分析

2006年6月和2007年6月分别在东海近岸海域采集了4种贝类,对不同贝类体内挥发性酚残留量进行了检测。结果表明：2006年6月调查海域4种贝类体内挥发性酚残留量范围为0.25-0.59mg·kg^-1,褶牡蛎（Crassostrea plicatula）体内残留量最高;2007年6月残留量范围为0.80-1.50mg·kg^-1,紫贻贝（Mytilus edulis）体内残留量最高。在2次采样间4种贝类体内挥发性酚残留量的平均值表现为四角蛤蜊（Mactra veneriformis）〈文蛤（Meretrix meretrix）〈褶牡蛎〈紫贻贝。2006年6月调查海域各站点贝类体内挥发性酚残留量范围为ND-0.78mg·kg^-1,平均值为0.31mg·kg^-1;2007年6月残留量范围为0.20-2.22mg·kg^-1,平均值为1.19mg·kg^-1。2次采样间贝类体内挥发性酚在调查海域的分布格局为东海中部〉东海南部〉东海北部。贝类体内挥发性酚残留量主要受自身与外界环境因素的综合作用。     

Risk Assessment and Management of Contamination of Eels (Anguilla Spp.) By Persistent Xenobiotic Organochlorine Compounds

Contaimination of anguillid eels by organochlorine pesticides and PCBs is reviewed using a risk assessment-management approach. Quantitative structure-activity relationships, biomonitoring of body residues and field and laboratory studies demonstrate hazards and risks of persistence; organic carbon binding, sediment transport and sinks; volatility, aerial transport and deposition; hydrophobicity/lipophilicity, bioaccumulation, bioconcentration and dietary biomangification. Risks of acute narcotic toxicity are generally lower than those of chornic effects. Cause-effect relationships and critical loadings are, however, unclear. Critical environmental and body residue levels to protect eels and animal and humans consumption must be formulated and interpreted with caution. Risks for eels at different life-stages and in different habitats are compared with respect to routes of uptake, elimination, bioaccumulation and biomagnification. It is concluded that organochlorine contamination has not been a major cause of recent declines in eel recruitment. the use of eels in biomonitoring and biomarker studies are recommended. Appropriate methodologies and uses in risk assessment and management are discussed.     

A simple and convenient empirical survey method with a soil electrical conductivity meter for incineration residue-derived soil contamination

To facilitate field surveys for identifying areas of incineration residue-derived soil contamination, a simple and convenient method with a soil electrical conductivity meter was examined. First, the leaching test specified by Notification No. 13 of the Ministry of the Environment, 1973, was conducted on 506 samples of 11 types of wastes and compost, and the relationship between the concentrations of toxic elements [total Hg (T-Hg), Cd, Pb, Cr⁶⁺, and As] and values of electrical conductivity (EC) was examined. The results showed that bottom ash and fly ash were wastes with high EC values and that these wastes indicated higher levels of toxic elements. Second, an estimation method for the soil EC value of contaminated soil (ECc) was proposed based on the EC values of noncontaminated soil, and its usefulness was examined. The results of field surveys conducted at sites whose soils were suspected of contamination by dioxins and other pollutants derived from incineration residues showed that the contaminated spots and areas were identified by using ECc values. Moreover, comparison of the elemental contents of soils in terms of Cr, Ni, Zn, Na, K, Ca, Fe, Mn, and others, in addition to the above-mentioned toxic elements (excluding Cr⁶⁺), with those of the potential sources of pollution was verified to be effective for identifying the source of soil contamination.     

End-of-life vehicle recycling and automobile shredder residue management in Japan

The Japanese Government introduced the Law on Recycling of End-of-Life Vehicles (ELV Recycling Law) in 2002. This law requires manufacturers to retrieve chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), airbags, and automobile shredder residue (ASR) from ELVs and to properly recycle the remaining materials. This framework is compared with European ELV directives. Pilot-scale incineration plant testing has revealed a greater formation of by-product persistent organic pollutants (POPs) during the primary combustion of ASR compared to normal municipal solid waste. This may be attributed to the abundance of chlorine, Cu, and Fe in ASR, as Cu and Fe have been found to catalyze the formation of POPs under certain conditions. However, most by-product POPs were destroyed by the secondary combustion, and almost all were removed after flue gas treatment. The direct melting system is a shaft-type gasification and melting technology that has proved effective in many municipal solid waste applications. This system can be applied to ASR recycling for effective decomposition of brominated flame retardants and polybrominated dioxins.