连片生态浮床对微污染河水的净化效果

选取漕桥河的支流庙尖浜作为实验河段,以睡莲(Nymphaea alba)、菖蒲(Acorus calamus Linn)和水芹(Oenan-the javanica(Blume)DC)作为微污染水体净化的浮床植物,研究连片生态浮床的净化能力随季节的变化和浮床面积对连片生态浮床净化能力的影响。结果显示,秋-冬-春季节内植物的净化能力随季节变化呈"U"型,相应的河水水质的变化呈一个倒置的"U"型;在一定营养负荷和植物正常生长状况下,沿水流方向,氮、磷含量随浮床面积的增加而降低——春季时,随浮床面积增加,菖蒲区对TN的去除率由8.6%增加到26.7%,TP的去除率由17.1%增加到58.2%,水芹区对TN和TP的去除率最高可达22.0%和28.0%。研究表明连片生态浮床是河道水质改善的有效可行的方法之一,可为太湖入湖河流的营养物质控制提供科学依据。     

Spatio-temporal characteristics of PM10 concentration across Malaysia

The recurrence of forest fires in Southeast Asia and associated biomass burning, has contributed markedly to the problem of trans-boundary haze and the long-range movement of pollutants in the region. Air pollutants, specifically particulate matter in the atmosphere, have received extensive attention, mainly because of their adverse effect on people's health. In this study, the spatial and temporal variability of the PM10 concentration across Malaysia was analyzed by means of the rotated principal component analysis. The results suggest that the variability of the PM10 concentration can be decomposed into four dominant modes, each characterizing different spatial and temporal variations. The first mode characterizes the southwest coastal region of the Malaysian Peninsular with the PM10 showing a peak concentration during the summer monsoon i.e. when the winds are predominantly southerlies or southwesterlies, and a minimal concentration during the winter monsoon. The second mode features the region of western Borneo with the PM10 exhibiting a concentration surge in August–September, which is likely to be the result of the northward shift of the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and the subsequent rapid arrival of the rainy season. The third mode delineates the northern region of the Malaysian Peninsular with strong bimodality in the PM10 concentration. Seasonally, this component exhibits two concentration maxima during the late winter and summer monsoons, as well as two minima during the inter-monsoon periods. The fourth dominant mode characterizes the northern Borneo region which exhibits weaker seasonality of the PM10 concentration. Generally, the seasonal fluctuation of the PM10 concentration is largely associated with the seasonal variation of rainfall in the country. However, in addition to this, the PM10 concentration also fluctuates markedly in two timescale bands i.e. 10–20 days quasi-biweekly (QBW) and 30–60 days lower frequency (LF) band of the intra-seasonal timescales. These intra-seasonal fluctuations show strong seasonality with the largest fraction of variance occurring during the boreal summer and the weakest variance during the winter. Generally, the LF intra-seasonal oscillation is stronger compared to the QBW intra-seasonal band.     

东湖典型区域间隙水中营养盐的时空分布

以富营养化程度严重的浅水湖泊东湖为研究对象，通过持续采样调查，分析并比较了3个典型采样点柱状沉积物间隙水中营养盐的垂直分布和季节变化特征，结果表明东湖沉积物间隙水中营养盐浓度最高值一般出现在-5 cm以上，-5～-10 cm之间有一个快速降低的过程，-10～-26 cm之间趋于稳定，但也有小幅的波动；冬季间隙水中营养盐浓度明显低于其他季节，夏秋两季略高。分析认为沉积物间隙水中营养盐浓度受附近污染源直接影响较大，与上覆水水质有一定相关性，但不显著。间隙水中营养盐的季节变化主要因为冬季污染排放减少加速了间隙水中营养盐向上覆水的扩散、减少了水中营养盐在沉积物表层的沉积，以及温度降低导致微生物活动减少进而降低了有机物的矿化分解量。并且认为常规疏浚深度就可以有效移除东湖表层污染严重的沉积物     

Female grouping best predicts lekking in blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra)

The study of intraspecific variation can provide insights into the evolution and maintenance of behavior. To evaluate the relative importance of ecological, demographic and social conditions thought to favor lekking, I studied variation in mating behavior among and within populations of the blackbuck, Antilope cervicapra, an Indian antelope. Rather than viewing lekking as a discrete mating strategy, I took a continuous approach and treated lekking as a question of the clustering of mating territories, with leks representing one extreme in a range of territory distributions. I surveyed nine blackbuck populations, which differed in population density and in habitat conditions. For each population, I described the mating system in terms of the clustering of mating territories, and measured various factors suggested to favor lekking. I found that large-scale, among-population variation in territory clustering was most strongly related to female group size. Territory clustering was not related to population density. Female group size, in turn, was best explained by habitat structure. Interestingly, these among-population patterns were repeated at a finer spatial scale within one intensively studied population. These findings suggest that territorial males respond to local patterns in female distribution (represented by group size) when making decisions regarding territory location. Finally, although female distribution may explain territory clustering at the population level and more locally within a population, other selective factors (e.g., female preference, male competition, male harassment) are likely to shape the clustering and size of territories at even finer scales.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at .Communicated by T. Czeschlik     

Water quality evaluation based on improved fuzzy matter-element method

For natural water, method of water quality evaluation based on improved fuzzy matter-element evaluation method is presented. Two important parts are improved, the weights determining and fuzzy membership functions. The coefficient of variation of each indicator is used to determine the weight instead of traditional calculating superscales method. On the other hand, fuzzy matter-elements are constructed, and normal membership degrees are used instead of traditional trapezoidal ones. The composite fuzzy matter-elements with associated coefficient are constructed through associated transformation. The levels of natural water quality are determined according to the principle of maximum correlation. The improved fuzzy matter-element evaluation method is applied to evaluate water quality of the Luokou mainstream estuary at the first ten weeks in 2011 with the coefficient of variation method determining the weights. Water quality of Luokou mainstream estuary is dropping from level I to level II. The results of the improved evaluation method are basically the same as the official water quality. The variation coefficient method can reduce the workload, and overcome the adverse effects from abnormal values, compared with the traditional calculating superscales method. The results of improved fuzzy matter-element evaluation method are more credible than the ones of the traditional evaluation method. The improved evaluation method can use information of monitoring data more scientifically and comprehensively, and broaden a new evaluation method for water quality assessment.     

Seasonal trend of ambient PCDD/Fs in Tianjin City, northern China using active sampling strategy

The spatial concentrations, seasonal trends, profiles and congener pairs of ambient polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) were investigated within a seasonally active sampling scheme during Jun 2008 and Jan 2009 in Tianjin City, northern China. The PCDD/F concentrations ranged 14.2-172 fg I-TEQ/m³ (average 69.3 fg I-TEQ/m³) in summer and (89.8-1.01) × 10³ fg I-TEQ/m³ (average 509 fg I-TEQ/m³) in winter, respectively, except for the E-waste dismantling site where much higher values were observed (1.04 × 10³ fg I-TEQ/m³ in summer and 7.123 × 10³ fg I-TEQ/m³ in winter). The results indicated a significantly seasonal trend with higher TEQ values in winter as compared with summer, which could be related to increased emission sources and seasonal variations of the atmospheric boundary layer height. 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF was the dominant contributor to the total PCDD/F toxic equivalents, and 2,3,7,8-TCDD was detected at almost all the sampling sites in winter. Most of the similarly substituted PCDD/F congener pairs exhibited high correlations, suggesting that they might have similar environmental fate or sources. But different seasonal and spatial distributions of PCDD/F concentrations indicated that the emission sources might be intermittent.     

上海市大气总汞季节变化特征及与气象条件的关系

2008年到2010年对上海市西南部大气中总汞(TGM———Total Gaseous Mercury)的污染水平进行监测,结果表明TGM日均浓度为ND~57.23ng/m(3(7.79±3.29)ng/m)3。TGM呈现出一定的季节性变化特征,浓度最高的是秋季,然后依次是冬季、春季、夏季,平均浓度分别为(9.30±2.48)、(8.32±2.79)、(7.78±2.33)、(2.16±3.29)ng/m3。TGM浓度受东南风向影响最大,其次为西北和东北风向。在置信水平为95%的情况下,TGM浓度与日平均温度呈正相关性,而与日温差、相对湿度、日相对湿度差、风速无显著相关性。但TGM浓度分别与日均O3浓度和NO2浓度均呈显著正相关。利用HYSPLIT_4模型对TGM浓度高值与低值几天的空气气团来源轨迹进行反演,结果发现高低浓度日的气团来源略有差别,总体上看,冬季、春季和秋季受北方气团影响较大,夏季则受我国东部海域影响,具体的局部和长距离输送的贡献需要进一步研究。     

污水处理厂不同工艺的污泥脱水效能分析及其影响因素研究

污泥脱水是污泥减量的主要手段,直接影响到后续污泥处理处置.本研究以北京某大型污水处理厂A2/O工艺和A2/O-MBR工艺污泥脱水为对象,基于2013年全年的运行数据,分析不同工艺的污泥脱水效果、絮凝剂投配率、污泥脱水电耗和污泥脱水成本,并通过冗余分析(RDA)研究了不同污水处理工艺污泥脱水性能的影响因素.结果表明,污泥脱水性能和絮凝剂投配率均呈现季节性变化特征,冬季污泥较难脱水,絮凝剂消耗大.A2/O-MBR工艺的脱水污泥含水率年均值为(81.92±1.64)%,A2/O工艺为(82.56±1.35)%,污泥脱水絮凝剂消耗(以DS计,下同)分别为(8.70±7.25)kg·t-1和(7.42±2.96)kg·t-1,电耗(以DS计,下同)分别为331.82 k W·h·t-1和121.57 k W·h·t-1.A2/O-MBR工艺的污泥脱水絮凝剂成本(以DS计,下同)为204.76元·t-1,用电成本为231.61元·t-1;A2/O工艺的污泥脱水絮凝剂成本为175.00元·t-1,用电成本为84.86元·t-1.RDA分析表明,水温等季节性因素引起污泥有机质变化是影响污泥脱水性能的关键因素之一,此外,污泥龄也与污泥脱水性能有一定相关性.     

三峡库区回水区营养盐和叶绿素a的时空变化及其相互关系

为探讨三峡水库调度运行背景下,库区回水区营养盐和叶绿素a时空变化及其相互关系,于2013年5月~2014年5月在三峡库区北岸最大、也是库区水华频发的支流——澎溪河的回水区高阳平湖进行了定点和高频监测.结果表明水体热分层是高阳平湖水华发生的诱导因素.高阳平湖水体热分层发生于春季(3月初),消亡于夏末(9月中旬),冬季没有分层.2014年春季,随着水体分层的发生和发展,表层叶绿素a在69 d内从14.92μg·L-1骤增至183.73μg·L-1,并暴发水华,之后叶绿素a随着混合层深度增加而下降.水体没有分层时,表、中和底层营养盐浓度相近;水体分层之后,各层磷浓度有了明显差异,表层和底层总磷浓度相差(0.18±0.04)mg·L-1.高水位期(9月至次年4月),高阳平湖硝氮和溶解性磷高于低水位期(5~8月)的含量,分别占总氮、总磷浓度的71.4%~95.4%和42.7%~94.4%,是总氮和总磷的主要组成部分,干流倒灌输入的硝氮和溶解性磷是其主要来源.     

常州夏冬季PM2.5中无机组分昼夜变化特征与来源解析

为探讨常州大气气溶胶中无机组分的昼夜变化特征,在夏冬两季分别连续采集1个月的PM2.5样品,对比分析了11种水溶性离子和13种重金属元素的昼夜特征和来源.结果表明,夏冬两季PM2.5平均质量浓度白天高于夜间,水溶性离子占比夜间稍高于白天.冬季水溶性离子占PM2.5的比例(44%~45%)高于夏季(31%~36%),而重金属元素呈现相反的季节性特征(冬季白天3.03%,夜间2.29%;夏季白天4.40%,夜间4.51%).SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、NH_4~+是主要的二次离子,占总水溶性离子77%~85%,说明常州市大气污染呈二次污染为主的复合污染特征.夏季强太阳辐射的光化学反应导致白天SO_4~(2-)占比(49.0%)稍高于夜间(41.1%),而白天高温NH_4NO_3分解,使NO_3~-浓度白天(1.98μg·m-3)远低于夜间(5.10μg·m-3).NH_4~+与SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-之间好的线性相关性及预测NH_4~+与实测NH_4~+的比值接近1,表明NH_4~+主要以(NH4)2SO4,NH_4NO_3和NH4Cl形态存在.离子平衡表明夏季颗粒物呈弱碱性,冬季呈中性.Fe、Al和Zn这3种重金属元素占比最大,Fe和Al元素白天占比明显高于夜间,Zn正好相反.无机组分相关性及主成分分析表明,无机组分都来自二次生成、扬尘和交通等排放源,表现一定的季节性和昼夜变化特征.