Pb污染对白菜的生态毒理效应研究（Ecotoxicological Effects of Pb on Brassice rapa）

采用水培方法研究了白菜种子和幼苗对Pb的富集能力与耐受性.实验设6个处理浓度,分别为0.2mg·L-1、0.4mg·L-1、0.8mg·L-1、1.6mg·L-1、3.2mg·L-1及对照,共培养7d,然后测定种子萌发抑制率、茎生长抑制率、根的耐性指数、叶绿素与类胡萝卜素含量与铅的富集量.研究表明白菜幼苗对高浓度的Pb具有富集能力,根是主要的富集器官,根的最高富集量为75.46mg·L-1.Pb抑制白菜幼苗的营养生长,抑制白菜根的伸长.0.2mg·L-1处理浓度下,Pb促进白菜茎的生长,高浓度的Pb抑制白菜茎的生长.Pb抑制白菜体内叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素的含量.铅影响白菜幼苗的正常生长,白菜对铅具有一定耐受性.     

塑料地膜对小麦种子萌发及幼苗抗氧化酶系统的影响

研究了中国北方地区常用的塑料地膜对小麦Triticum aestivum L.种子发芽率,芽长根长及幼苗抗氧化酶系的影响以探明塑料地膜的毒性。结果显示500~2 500 mg.kg-1两种质量分数的塑料地膜处理对小麦种子的发芽率几乎不产生影响,在高质量分数（≥5 000 mg.kg-1）处理下小麦的发芽率有所下降。500~5 000 mg.kg-1的塑料地膜能促进小麦叶和根的伸长,但在高质量分数情况下则显著抑制了根和芽的延伸,其中15 000 mg.kg-1添加量下,叶和根的抑制率分别达到了16.70%和15.07%。小麦根系抗氧化酶活性对两种塑料地膜的敏感程度大于叶片。在高质量分数条件下,根系中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性随暴露时间的延长明显受到了抑制。在经地膜1和地膜2处理后,小麦叶片中过氧化物酶（POD）及过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性在不同暴露时间和不同质量分数下没有显著差异,但地膜1处理后的小麦根系中的POD随暴露时间的延长呈先降低后增加的趋势,而CAT活性变化不大。地膜2处理后的小麦根系中的POD和CAT活性随暴露时间的延长而降低。结果表明,高质量分数塑料地膜的处理会对小麦早期幼苗的抗氧化酶系统产生毒害作用。     

紫外-B辐射增强对小麦和燕麦繁殖特性影响的研究

模拟15％臭氧层减薄水平,研究了紫外-B（UV-B）辐射增强对小麦的花粉活力及萌发特性以及籽粒产量与其萌发特性的影响。小麦和燕麦的繁殖特性对紫外辐射的敏感性差异很大。增强的紫外辐射显著抑制了燕麦的籽粒产量及萌发率,而对小麦的繁殖效率未有显著影响,小麦花粉活力及萌发率的降低可由单株有效穗数的增加予以补赏。     

Allelopathic effects of extracts from Solidago canadensis L.against seed germination and seedling growth of some plants

To investigate the potential role of allelopathy in plant interference and in the successful invasion of alien species Solidago canadensis, aqueous and ethanolic extracts from rhizomes, stems and leaves of S. canadensis were prepared and used as treatment solutions to assess their effects on seed germination and seedling growth in four target species, mulberry （Morus alba）; morning glory （Pharbitis nil）, wheat （Triticum aestivum） and rape （Brassiea campestris）. Reduction and/or growth in germination and growth of the target plant species in the presence of both aqueous and ethanolic extracts at different concentrations indicated that the responses were species-specific and concentration-dependent. Generally, ethanolic extracts （especially from leaves） imposed stronger effects on both seed germination and seedling growth. Extracts with lower concentration at 0.001 g/ml dw could stimulate the seedling growth of rape and morning glory, whereas extracts at any given concentrations have inhibitory effects on wheat and mulberry. It is suggested that the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of all the three parts of S. canadensis have significant allelopathic effects. Although both inhibition and stimulation occurred in the germination and growth of the target species, extracts with higher concentrations definitely inhibit seed germination and seedling growth of all target plants. We suggest that allelopathy plays a more important role than other mechanisms do in the out-competition ofS. canadensis over other plants, and make it invasive in new habitats.     

沼液的综合利用

沼液是厌氧发酵的残留物，由于其富含营养物质及微量元素，可提高动植物的抗病能力，故已在农业、畜牧业、养殖业等方面得到广泛应用。阐述了沼液的基本性质，并就其作为饲料掺拌剂、肥料、浸种剂、农药等的应用现状做了综述。     

Introduced Birds and the Fate of Hawaiian Rainforests

Abstract:  The Hawaiian Islands have lost nearly all their native seed dispersers, but have gained many frugivorous birds and fleshy-fruited plants through introductions. Introduced birds may not only aid invasions of exotic plants but also may be the sole dispersers of native plants. We assessed seed dispersal at the ecotone between native- and exotic-dominated forests and quantified bird diets, seed rain from defecated seeds, and plant distributions. Introduced birds were the primary dispersers of native seeds into exotic-dominated forests, which may have enabled six native understory plant species to become reestablished. Some native plant species are now as common in exotic forest understory as they are in native forest. Introduced birds also dispersed seeds of two exotic plants into native forest, but dispersal was localized or establishment minimal. Seed rain of bird-dispersed seeds was extensive in both forests, totaling 724 seeds of 9 native species and 2 exotics with over 85% of the seeds coming from native plants. Without suitable native dispersers, most common understory plants in Hawaiian rainforests now depend on introduced birds for dispersal, and these introduced species may actually facilitate perpetuation, and perhaps in some cases restoration, of native forests. We emphasize, however, that restoration of native forests by seed dispersal from introduced birds, as seen in this study, depends on the existence of native forests to provide a source of seeds and protection from the effects of ungulates. Our results further suggest that aggressive control of patches of non-native plants within otherwise native-dominated forests may be an important and effective conservation strategy.     

短柄五加濒危趋势和致濒因素的初步分析

研究了短柄五加种群致濒的因素和机制 .1)通过环境筛分析 ,认为短柄五加种群在 5～ 8a和 11～ 12a两个年龄阶段受到强烈的环境筛过滤作用 ,这两个阶段可能是濒危的关键阶段 .2 )通过对短柄五加种群生物量增长过程中关键因子的分析 ,确定了影响种群生物量的主导生境因子 ,主要是群落类型、群落郁闭度和坡度、坡向等 .影响种群增长的主导生境因子的脆弱性 ,增大了短柄五加种群濒危的趋势 .3)通过对短柄五加种子生态及生殖生态的初步分析 ,认为种群实生苗更新失败是短柄五加种群濒危的重要因素 .4)放牧、采挖和对次生落叶阔叶林的砍伐等人类活动 ,加快了短柄五加种群濒危的速度 .图 1表 3参 11     

生物炭对小麦种子萌发与幼苗生长的植物毒理效应

为明确生物炭对植物的毒性效应,以石英砂+生物炭水浸提液培养方法研究不同剂量生物炭对小麦种子萌发与幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:在不同剂量(0.0、10.0、20.0、40.0、80.0、160.0 g·kg~(-1))生物炭水浸提液处理下,虽然小麦发芽率较对照组无显著性变化(P0.05),但根、芽生长表现出低剂量促进高剂量抑制,且在160.0 g·kg~(-1)时抑制率最大,分别为18.11%和22.22%。在幼苗的生长期(11 d),高剂量生物炭对幼苗根生长的抑制作用增强,160.0 g·kg~(-1)处理下抑制率显著增加至55.59%(P0.05)。此外,当生物炭剂量较低时,小麦幼苗根、叶中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活力增加;随生物炭剂量的增加,3种抗氧化酶活力降低,丙二醛(MDA)含量升高,幼苗生长出现生理损伤,表现出明显植物毒性效应。     

Responses of Seed‐Dispersing Birds to Amount of Rainforest in the Landscape around Fragments

Habitat loss and fragmentation alter the composition of bird assemblages in rainforest. Because birds are major seed dispersers in rainforests, fragmentation‐induced changes to frugivorous bird assemblages are also likely to alter the ecological processes of seed dispersal and forest regeneration, but the specific nature of these changes is poorly understood. We assessed the influence of fragment size and landscape forest cover on the abundance, species composition, and functional properties of the avian seed disperser community in an extensively cleared, former rainforest landscape of subtropical Australia. Bird surveys of fixed time and area in 25 rainforest fragments (1–139 ha in size across a 1800 km² region) provided bird assemblage data which were coupled with prior knowledge of bird species’ particular roles in seed dispersal to give measurements of seven different attributes of the seed disperser assemblage. We used multimodel regression to assess how patch size and surrounding forest cover (within 200 m, 1000 m, and 5000 m radii) influenced variation in the abundance of individual bird species and of functional groups based on bird species’ responses to fragmentation and their roles in seed dispersal. Surrounding forest cover, specifically rainforest cover, generally had a greater effect on frugivorous bird assemblages than fragment size. Amount of rainforest cover within 200 m of fragments was the main factor positively associated with abundances of frugivorous birds that are both fragmentation sensitive and important seed dispersers. Our results suggest a high proportion of local rainforest cover is required for the persistence of seed‐dispersing birds and the maintenance of seed dispersal processes. Thus, even small rainforest fragments can function as important parts of habitat networks for seed‐dispersing birds, whether or not they are physically connected by vegetation. Respuestas de Aves Dispersoras de Semillas al Incremento de Selvas en el Paisaje Alrededor de Fragmentos     

Enzyme catalyzed biodiesel production from rubber seed oil containing high free fatty acid

Unrefined rubber seed oil contains high levels of free fatty acids and moisture, which make the conventional chemical catalyzed transesterification unsuitable. The method of enzyme catalyzed transesterification is well suited for biodiesel production from rubber seed oil as the enzymes are insensitive to the free fatty acids. In the present work, rubber seed oil was extracted from preserved rubber seed cake by mechanical means. The extraction process was designed and optimized through 2⁴ full factorial design. Extracted oil was subjected to enzymatic transesterification using four different lipases to identify the best one for the purpose. Transesterification process was optimized by considering three influencing variables for biodiesel production viz. methanol/oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration (% w/v) and solvent content (% v/v). A 2³ full factorial design was applied to design the experiments and optimize the biodiesel production. The interactive effects of the independent variables on biodiesel yield were analyzed and regression models were developed for each set of enzyme reactions. Among the four lipases, Thermomysis Lanugonosus Lipase was found to be the most suitable for the transesterification of rubber seed oil with a biodiesel conversion of 92.83% at a molar ratio of 4% and 5% (w/v) enzyme concentration in solvent free reaction medium.