金属半导体纳米粒子对水培水稻幼苗的毒性及吸收转运规律

金属半导体纳米粒子由于其独特的理化性质被广泛应用于工业生产和科学研究,而遗留在水环境中的金属半导体纳米粒子对植物的危害程度和累积水平还有待研究和完善.本文以水稻为实验对象,通过水培试验研究了氧化铜纳米粒子(CuONPs)、氧化锌纳米粒子(ZnONPs)和硫化锌纳米粒子(ZnSNPs)在不同浓度(10、50和100 mg·L~(-1))下的植物毒性及其在水稻体内的吸收转运行为.纳米粒子悬浮液的粒径分布和Zeta电位分析结果表明,CuONPs在水中的分散性和稳定性高于ZnONPs和ZnSNPs.ZnONPs悬浮液中溶解的金属离子量高于CuONPs和ZnSNPs悬浮液.毒性实验结果表明,较高浓度(50和100 mg·L~(-1))的ZnONPs和CuONPs不同程度地阻碍了水稻幼苗的生长,增加了根系中丙二醛(MDA)的含量,降低了根系活力和叶片中的叶绿素含量.50和100 mg·L~(-1)的ZnONPs导致根系鲜重分别降低至对照组的47.3%和44.3%,100 mg·L~(-1)ZnONPs和CuONPs使根系活力由对照组的710.4μg·g-1·h~(-1)分别降低至150.0和481.9μg·g-1·h~(-1).ZnSNPs在实验设置浓度下体现了促进水稻生长的作用.10 mg·L~(-1)的ZnSNPs使地上部分鲜重增加到对照组的109.8%,100 mg·L~(-1)时使根系活力提高到了对照组的2倍.Zn的选择性吸收和生物转运系数均高于Cu,本研究结果证明了金属半导体纳米粒子的植物毒性和累积水平与纳米粒子在水中的理化性质及植物对不同毒物的反应程度有关.     

Effects on Wood Quality Characteristics of Hormone Breeding of Beech Seedlings Treated by Polystimulin-A6

Abstract

The aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of polystimulin-A6 (PS-A6) on the wood quality characteristics of beech (Fagus orientalis L.) seedlings. In order to examine the seedling development, the total of 1200 seedlings treated with PS-A6 at four different concentrations and a total of 300 control seedlings were measured related to seedling height, root collar diameter, stem dry weight, root dry weight, leaf width, and length. It was also counted the leaf numbers. Finally, it was found that there was a very significant difference between PS-A6 treatments and control treatments. The seedlings treated with PS-A6 seem to perform well in comparison to control seedlings.     

外源水杨酸对Pb2+胁迫下玉米幼苗生理特性的影响

为了研究水杨酸对重金属胁迫下植物幼苗的缓解效应,以玉米叶片的叶绿素、游离脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白质量比和丙二醛(MDA)含量,以及过氧化物酶(POD)与超氧化物酶(SOD)活性为指标,采用水培法研究了不同质量浓度水杨酸对150 mg/L Pb2+胁迫下玉米幼苗生理特性的影响.结果表明,经30 mg/L水杨酸缓解后受迫玉米幼苗的根长、株高和根系活性明显增加,叶片的叶绿素、游离脯氨酸与可溶性蛋白质量比均明显提高,叶片的SOD与POD活性均高于对照组和各处理组,且叶片的MDA含量显著降低.外源水杨酸可通过正向调控植物物质与能量代谢,以及保护酶系统活性来维持细胞膜的稳定性,并有效减缓膜脂过氧化进程,缓解了Pb2+胁迫对玉米幼苗的毒害.     

不同铁氧化物对小麦幼苗镉积累的影响

小麦富镉(Cd)问题受到广泛关注,铁氧化物具备降镉潜力.通过盆栽小麦幼苗实验,分析了三氧化二铁(Fe2O3)、氢氧化铁[Fe(OH)3[及拜耳法赤泥(B-RM)3种铁氧化物的降镉能力.结果显示3种铁氧化物中,Fe(OH)3可显著降低小麦幼苗茎叶Cd含量,与对照相比降幅为16.3％～27.7％,投加量为0.5％时降Cd效...     

Exudation of UV-light absorbing natural products by seedlings ofNuphar lutea

Summary Seedlings ofNuphar lutea (L.) Sm. were raised from seeds and cultivated in a synthetic sterile nutrient solution under physiologically controlled and undisturbed conditions. The extracellular release of carbon compounds from the plants into the surrounding medium was examined by direct carbon estimation, by various specific chemical assays and by HPLC analysis. Direct carbon estimation was not sensitive enough to obtain reliable values; five of six specific chemical assays also failed. Only the Folin-Denis assay indicated there was a production of phenolic compounds, which followed a linear course that took up to six days of incubation. The phenolic compounds ranged between 0.2 and 1.3 µg/h g dry weight. Rp-HPLC with UV detection yielded a major fraction containing at least five highly polar compounds (not retainable on reversed phase), and a minor fraction of at least eight less polar (rp-retainable) compounds. Exudation followed a linear course for some days up to a distinct level of saturation in the surrounding medium. Cultures incubated in light or absolute darkness exhibit the same production rates; however, lower temperatures caused significant reduction in the production rate and on the pattern of exuded compounds as well. After withdrawing the exuded compounds by rinsing the cultures, a new production can be repeatedly induced many times until the potential of the system is seemingly exhausted. Nuphar seedlings procedures are introduced as a new macrophyte system suitable for studying the mechanism of extracellular secretion among aquatic macrophytes.     

Effect of external and internal phosphate status on arsenic toxicity and accumulation in rice seedlings

Phosphorus (P) deficiency is thought to exacerbate the arsenic (As) phytotoxicity in paddy rice. The experiments were conducted to investigate the e ects of external phosphate supply on As accumulation in rice and its toxicity under phosphate deficiency conditions. Rice seedlings pretreated with a phosphorus deficient nutrient solution (–P) for 14 d accumulated more As than those pretreated with a normal phosphorus supply nutrient solution (+P). Rice protreated with –P showed As toxicity symptoms after being exposed to 50 mol/L arsenate for 4 h, while +P rice did not show any toxicity symptoms. Arsenic toxicity symptoms can be alleviated by increasing external P concentrations. The arsenate uptake rate and accumulation corresponded with the As toxicity in rice plants. Arsenic concentrations in rice roots decreased with increasing external phosphate concentrations. The lowest As accumulation and the highest P accumulation were found when the external P concentration reached 100 mol/L. In short, P deficiency increased the sensitivity of rice to arsenate and increasing of external phosphate supply could alleviate As toxicity.     

滨海区黄花鸢尾的耐盐碱性及氮磷去除效果

为探究黄花鸢尾(Iris pseudoacorus)在滨海区的耐盐碱程度及对盐碱污染水体中氮磷的去除能力,采用水培实验,分析其幼苗在盐碱交互胁迫下的生长状况、生理响应及其对水体中氮磷的去除效果.结果表明,黄花鸢尾耐盐碱范围:p H值为7、8、9时,盐度分别低于9‰、6‰、3‰.在其耐盐碱范围内,植株的含水量和叶绿素含量与对照相差在5.0%以内,而Na+、Cl-与甜菜碱、可溶性糖含量随盐度和p H值的升高而增加,但增幅均低于130.0%.在低盐弱碱(p H 7、盐度为3‰、6‰与p H 8、盐度为3‰)条件下,黄花鸢尾幼苗相对生长速率比对照高0.6~6.1%,对水体中总氮、总磷的最大去除率分别为0.046mg/(g?d)、0.020mg/(g?d).在其耐盐碱范围外,Na+与脯氨酸含量与对照相比增幅高达14.0倍和91.4倍;黄花鸢尾生长受阻,对水体中氮磷的去除效果较差.因此,黄花鸢尾仅适用于滨海低盐弱碱水体的生态修复.     

NO对Cd2+胁迫下绿豆幼苗DNA及光合作用的影响

以绿豆幼苗为材料,研究了外源一氧化氮(NO)处理对Cd~(2+)胁迫3天和8天时幼苗叶片和根系DNA含量、DNA链间交联程度以及叶片光合参数的影响。结果表明:单独Cd~(2+)胁迫导致叶片和根系DNA含量降低,DNA链间交联程度增加,叶片净光合速率、气孔导度和胞间隙CO2浓度降低,气孔限制值升高;与单独Cd~(2+)胁迫相比,NO和Cd~(2+)复合处理提高了叶片和根系DNA含量,降低了DNA链间交联程度,同时使叶片净光合速率和气孔导度升高,而使胞间隙CO2浓度和气孔限制值降低。结果说明,NO能缓解Cd~(2+)胁迫对绿豆幼苗DNA结构及其代谢的影响;Cd~(2+)胁迫抑制绿豆幼苗光合作用的主要原因是气孔因素,而NO主要通过提高幼苗叶片非气孔因素缓解了Cd~(2+)胁迫对幼苗光合作用的抑制。     

细胞分裂素类物质对镉胁迫下玉米幼苗生长和抗氧化酶活性及脯氨酸含量的影响

采用水培试验,研究了镉胁迫下喷施细胞分裂素类物质6-苄氨基嘌呤(6-BA)和激动素(KT)对玉米幼苗生长、叶片叶绿素含量、脯氨酸含量、植株镉含量和活性氧清除酶活性的影响.结果表明,与单纯镉胁迫相比,喷施6-BA和KT提高了玉米幼苗的生物量、根和地上部镉含量、叶绿素和脯氨酸含量,降低了叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量,促进了叶片过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的升高,但对超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响不明显.说明细胞分裂素类物质6-BA和KT可缓解镉胁迫对玉米幼苗的伤害,其机制可能与细胞分裂素物质能维持叶绿素稳定、刺激细胞内H2O2清除酶类活性及促进脯氨酸积累有关.当6-BA浓度在0～20mg·L-1之间时,其对玉米幼苗镉胁迫的缓解效应随喷施浓度的提高而增强,而KT的最适喷施浓度为70mg·L-1.     

Effects of elevated CO2 concentration on growth and water usage of tomato seedlings under different ammonium/nitrate ratios

Increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration is generally expected to enhance photosynthesis and growth of agricultural C3 vegetable crops, and therefore results in an increase in crop yield. However, little is known about the combined effect of elevated CO2 and N species on plant growth and development. Two growth-chamber experiments were conducted to determine the effects of NH4^＋/NO3^- ratio and elevated CO2 concentration on the physiological development and water use of tomato seedlings. Tomato was grown for 45 d in containers with nutrient solutions varying in NH4^＋/NO3^- ratios and CO2 concentrations in growth chambers. Results showed that plant height, stem thickness, total dry weight, dry weight of the leaves, stems and roots, G value （total plant dry weight/seedling days）, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, leaf-level and whole plant-level water use efficiency and cumulative water consumption of tomato seedlings were increased with increasing proportion of NO3- in nutrient solutions in the elevated CO2 treatment. Plant biomass, plant height, stem thickness and photosynthetic rate were 67%, 22%, 24% and 55% higher at elevated CO2 concentration than at ambient CO2 concentration, depending on the values of NH4^＋/NO3^- ratio. These results indicated that elevating CO2 concentration did not mitigate the adverse effects of 100% NH4^＋-N （in nutrient solution） on the tomato seedlings. At both CO2 levels, NH4^＋/NO3^- ratios of nutrient solutions strongly influenced almost every measure of plant performance, and nitrate-fed plants attained a greater biomass production, as compared to ammonium-fed plants. These phenomena seem to be related to the coordinated regulation of photosynthetic rate and cumulative water consumption of tomato seedlings.