含铁颗粒物的溶解动力学研究进展

气溶胶沉降是开放大洋可溶性铁的主要来源之一,对海洋初级生产力有重要影响.目前气溶胶可溶性铁的沉降通量仍存在很大的不确定性.主要原因包括：（1）不同来源的气溶胶中可溶性铁的含量差异较大;（2）发生在大气传输中的化学反应能够显著影响气溶胶中铁元素的可溶性.本文总结了过去20a国内外关于含铁颗粒物溶解动力学实验室研究的主要结果,以阐明液相反应对铁可溶性的增强作用.归纳了典型含铁颗粒物在质子促进溶解、配体促进溶解及光还原溶解机制作用下的溶解动力学特征,指出pH值、阴离子类型和光照决定了含铁颗粒物的溶解机制,以及铁的存在形式是决定颗粒物中铁潜在可溶性的最主要因素,最后简单展望该领域未来的发展方向.     

上海气溶胶中可溶态营养盐含量及影响因素

为研究上海气溶胶中可溶性营养盐的含量及其变化趋势,在上海华东师范大学采集大气干沉降样品,并分析了2007年6月至2009年3月期间的27个样品中的可溶态营养盐,包括NO3-+NO2-、NH4+、PO43-和SiO32-.以Milli-Q水和盐酸(pH2)连续提取发现,绝大部分硝酸盐/亚硝酸盐(94%)和铵盐(96%)可直接溶解在水中,但硅酸盐(34%)和磷酸盐(50%)在水中溶出的量小于或等于在盐酸中溶出的量.结合大气后向轨迹分析发现,气溶胶的起源和传输途径对营养盐的含量有重要影响.陆源气溶胶颗粒中水溶态NO3-+NO2-和NH4+的质量浓度大于其他类型的气溶胶,但水溶态PO43-和SiO32-在不同类型气溶胶中的浓度差别不大.在降水和来源的双重因素影响下,大气中水溶态营养盐浓度表现为春冬季节高于夏秋季节,具有明显的季节变化特征.     

Solubility and calorimetric study of the effects of gas environment on the decomposition of o-nitrobenzoyl chloride

When ortho-nitrated benzoic acids are chlorinated in xylene and acetonitrile, the product gases, HCl and SO₂, dissolve in the solvent mixture. Previously measured solubilities [Lever, S. D., Papadaki, M. (2004a). o-Chlorination of 2-nitrobenzoic acid with thionly chloride in xylene and acetonitrile. Solubility study of hydrogen chloride and sulphur dioxide in xylene and acetonitrile, IChemE transactions part B. Process Safety and Environmental Protection. 48–60.] were compared to other published data and found to be in very good agreement. The heat of solution of SO₂ in xylene was evaluated calorimetrically and compared to the value obtained from our previous experimental work. In our previous work [Lever, S. D., Papadaki, M. (2004b). Study of condition-dependent decomposition reactions—the thermal behaviour and decomposItion of 2-nitrobenzoyl chloride part_I. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 115; pp. 91–100], it was reported that the products of the decomposition are condition dependent. The current study showed that the decomposition is extensively promoted by the presence of HCl. This has important safety implications should the process operating temperature be reduced and HCl solution in the solvent mixture be increased. If a thermal runaway began in the increased availability of HCl, an undesirable escalation of the runaway could occur.     

Relation of enhanced Pb solubility to Fe partitioning in soils

It is well documented that Pb solubility may be related to Fe chemistry in soils and enhanced Pb solubility may occur under certain reducing conditions; however, quantification of such relationships is unavailable. Based on metal classification, Pb (II) and Fe (II) are similar in some chemical characteristics. Thus, competition between Pb and Fe for ligands in soils may be important in determining Pb solubility. In this paper, Pb solubility was examined in a sandy soil after spiking with Pb and incubating for 40 days under water-flooded or non-water-flooded conditions. Solution chemistry in soil columns was adjusted using different concentrations of NaCl, CaCl(2) and deionized water of varying pH before incubation. The results showed that Pb solubility in the soil was not correlated well with pH, dissolved organic C or aqueous Fe concentrations. However, an index of Fe partition behavior using the ratio of aqueous Fe to sorbed Fe was related to Pb solubility. Enhanced Pb solubility occurred only when the index was < approximately 2 kg l(-1). The index can be a simple measure of Fe's ability to compete with Pb for ligands in solution. The ability of Fe to compete with Pb decreases as the index decreases and as the ratio approached its minimum, substantial increases in Pb solubility will be expected. In general, the index was not sensitive to changes in solution chemistry. A similar trend was observed using one data set published in the literature.     

Zn~(2+)-S~(2-)-H_2O系热力学平衡研究

根据配位化学热力学平衡原理,绘制了温度为298.15K时Zn2+-S2--H2O系pC-pH热力学平衡状态图。结果表明:ZnS溶解平衡时,随着pH值的增加,ZnS的溶解度先减少后增加,当pH值为8.36时,ZnS的溶解度最小,为10-7.69mol/L;Zn(OH)2溶解平衡时,随着pH值的增加,Zn(OH)2的溶解度也呈现先减少后增加,当pH值在9.41时Zn(OH)2的溶解度最小,为10-5.61mol/L;体系中ZnS和Zn(OH)2二者固相溶解平衡时,当S2-Zn2(+mol)时,pH在0～14范围内只生成ZnS沉淀,不会产生Zn(OH)(2s)物质。研究结果可为硫化沉淀法去除废水中锌等技术提供理论依据。     

硫酸钙在Ca-Mg-K-Cl-H_2O体系转化过程中溶解度研究

脱硫石膏常压盐溶液法转化生成α-半水石膏是实现脱硫石膏综合应用的有效途径,文章着重研究了该转化过程中不同种类和浓度的盐溶液对硫酸钙溶解度的影响,以此作为脱硫石膏转晶的重要参数。实验过程中,硫酸钙溶解度测定采用溶解平衡法,结果表明温度、盐的种类及浓度对硫酸钙溶解度影响最为显著。在CaCl2溶液中,由于同离子效应的影响,CaSO·42H2O溶解度随着盐浓度的增加而降低;在MgCl2溶液中,低于4%浓度时CaSO·42H2O溶解度随着盐浓度的增加而逐渐升高,高于4%浓度时溶解度随温度和浓度的变化不明显;在KCl溶液中,CaSO·42H2O溶解度变化总体趋势是随着盐溶液浓度增加而升高。在混合盐溶液中,随浓度增加CaSO·42H2O溶解度有很明显的下降趋势,表明同离子效应影响最显著。     

Chemodynamics of heavy metals in long-term contaminated soils：Metal speciation in soil solution

The concentration and speciation of heavy metals in soil solution isolated from long-term contaminated soils were investigated. The soil solution was extracted at 70% maximum water holding capacity (MWHC) after equilibration for 24 h. The free metal concentrations (Cd2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+) in soil solution were determined using the Donnan membrane technique (DMT). Initially the DMT was validated using artificial solutions where the percentage of free metal ions were significantly correlated with the percentages predicted using MINTEQA2. However, there was a significant difference between the absolute free ion concentrations predicted by MINTEQA2 and the values determined by the DMT. This was due to the significant metal adsorption onto the cation exchange membrane used in the DMT with 20%, 28%, 44%, and 8% mass loss of the initial total concentration of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in solution, respectively. This could result in a significant error in the determination of free metal ions when using DMT if no allowance for membrane cation adsorption was made. Relative to the total soluble metal concentrations the amounts of free Cd2+ (3%–52%) and Zn2+ (11%–72%) in soil solutions were generally higher than those of Cu2+ (0.2%–30%) and Pb2+ (0.6%–10%). Among the key soil solution properties, dissolved heavy metal concentrations were the most significant factor governing free metal ion concentrations. Soil solution pH showed only a weak relationship with free metal ion partitioning coefficients (Kp) and dissolved organic carbon did not show any significant influence on Kp.     

夏季青岛大气粗细粒子中微量元素的浓度、溶解度及干沉降通量

利用2016年6~7月在青岛采集的PM_(2.5)和总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)样品,分析其中12种微量元素总态和溶解态浓度,讨论了微量元素在粗、细粒子中的浓度及溶解度的分布特征,并估算了微量元素的沉降通量.结果表明,青岛气溶胶中地壳元素Al、Fe、Sr、Mn、Ba总态浓度的55%~60%集中在粗粒子中,人为元素Cr、Ni、V、Zn、Pb、As、Cd的65%~85%集中在细粒子中.但无论是地壳元素还是人为元素其溶解态浓度均主要分布在细粒子中,Al、Fe、Mn、Ba在细粒子中的占比为50%~80%,Cr、Ni、V、Zn、Pb、As、Cd的为70%~90%.微量元素溶解度在细粒子中的高于粗粒子中的,细粒子中微量元素的溶解态浓度与酸组分呈显著正相关,溶解度与p H呈显著负相关,表明酸化作用可能是影响细粒子中微量元素溶解度的主控因子.不同微量元素的总沉降通量中溶解态部分的贡献不同,Al和Fe溶解态部分的贡献仅为1%~2%,Sr、Ba、Cr、Pb的约为30%~40%,Mn、Ni、V、Zn、As、Cd的约为50%~60%.大气沉降的溶解态Fe可支持(194±150)mg·(m2·d)-1浮游植物碳的生产,对黄海初级生产力的贡献约为10%.     

苯砜基化合物溶解度和分配系数的测定与估算

本文应用线溶剂化能相关法研究了３２种类砜基化合物的溶解度及分配系数与溶剂化显色参数之间的相关性，结果表明，溶解度和分配系数与溶剂化显色参数呈良好的线性关系，测定值与估算值吻合得很好。