上海大气总悬浮颗粒物中金属的可溶性特征

大气颗粒物中金属的可溶性对于评估金属的生物可利用性和环境迁移性具有重要意义.采集上海大气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)样品,利用高分辨率电感耦合等离子体质谱,测定经微循环淋溶提取的金属水、酸(p H=2)可溶含量,并计算水、酸溶解度.结果表明,大气TSP中金属的溶出是一个快速过程,仅需几分钟就达到溶解度最大值.Co、Cr和Cd的可溶含量较低,V、Ni、Cu处于中间,Fe、Al、Zn、Mn和Mg较高.结合大气后向轨迹分析,金属可溶含量受到气团来源的显著影响.多种金属的水、酸溶解度差异性较大,Fe水溶解度最小仅为2.0%,其次为Al、Cr、V、Pb、Co、Ni、Cu、Cd、Mn、Mg和Zn.金属溶解度随溶剂p H值的减小而增大.元素本身性质是影响金属溶解度的内在原因,且金属的离子势与水溶解度呈一定的负相关性.     

The aqueous solubility of twenty‐seven insecticides and related compounds.

Abstract

The aqueous solubilities of 27 insecticides and related compounds were determined. Diazinon, fensulfothion and paraoxon had solubilities greater than reported in the literature. The presence of impurities and/or additional components in the mixture altered the measured solubility values. Addition of acetone in amounts up to 1% (volume) produced increases in parathion solubility up to 11%. The pH values of the equilibrated solubility systems were, in most instances, acidic and, in several instances, were in the pH 3–4 range.     

Aqueous solubility, effects of salts on aqueous solubility, and partitioning behavior of hexafluorobenzene: experimental results and COSMO-RS predictions

The aqueous solubility of hexafluorobenzene has been determined, at 298.15 K, using a shake-flask method with a spectrophotometric quantification technique. Furthermore, the solubility of hexafluorobenzene in saline aqueous solutions, at distinct salt concentrations, has been measured. Both salting-in and salting-out effects were observed and found to be dependent on the nature of the cationic/anionic composition of the salt. COSMO-RS, the Conductor-like Screening Model for Real Solvents, has been used to predict the corresponding aqueous solubilities at conditions similar to those used experimentally. The prediction results showed that the COSMO-RS approach is suitable for the prediction of salting-in/-out effects. The salting-in/-out phenomena have been rationalized with the support of COSMO-RS σ-profiles. The prediction potential of COSMO-RS regarding aqueous solubilities and octanol-water partition coefficients has been compared with typically used QSPR-based methods. Up to now, the absence of accurate solubility data for hexafluorobenzene hampered the calculation of the respective partition coefficients. Combining available accurate vapor pressure data with the experimentally determined water solubility, a novel air-water partition coefficient has been derived.     

Adsorption,desorption, soil mobility,aqueous persistence and octanol‐water partitioning coefficients of terbufos,terbufos sulfoxide and terbufos sulfone

Abstract

Terbufos, t. sulfoxide and t. sulfone (5 μg ml^‐1) were incubated in natural, sterilized natural and distilled water, with initial pH values of 8.8, 8.8 and 6.0, respectively, at 20°C. First‐order disappearance was observed for the three compounds. Rates in natural and sterilized water were similar indicating chemical degradation predominated. Terbufos disappeared rapidly (t½>=3 days) in all systems. T. sulfoxide and t. sulfone were more persistent in the natural (t½>=18–40 days) and distilled water (t½>=280–350 days). Adsorption data for the three compounds in four soil‐water systems showed the decreasing order of adsorption to be terbufos>>t. sulfoxide=t. sulfone. Desorption from soils fortified at 5 μg g^‐1 with water was examined for 4 successive 18‐hr cycles. T. sulfoxide and t. sulfone were totally desorbed; terbufos was too unstable to study. The mobility of the compound in soil eluted with water was in the order, t. sulfoxide=t. sulfone>> terbufos, in agreement with adsorption‐desorption results. The octanol‐water partitioning coefficients for terbufos, t. sulfoxide and t. sulfone, at 23°C, were 3:30 x 10 , 164, and 302, respectively.     

三峡库区水库水质Streeter Phelps模型修正及COD变化规律的新探讨

水体复氧规律的研究对于预测和评价水中溶解氧含量, 确定有机污染水体的自净过程具有重要意义。天然水体中溶解氧的多少是评价水环境质量优劣的一项非常重要的指标, 是水质预测的一个重要任务。Streeter Phelps模型是目前进行河流水质研究常用的物理模型，具有良好的理论和实用价值，然而在某些特定水域，该模型的应用受到限制，主要原因是复氧系数的取定多在水流速度较大情况下得到的，而未考虑水面波动对复氧系数的影响，另外，在实际研究过程中发现三峡库区COD变化的规律出现异常：在离排污口相当远的水域，COD随时间变化趋势并不是指数衰减，而是在某个常值附近微小摆动，以往很多修正过的Streeter Phelps模型都无法解释这个现象。经研究表明：考虑波动效应后，对复氧系数进行修正能得到较好的模型计算结果；同时，COD变化规律不仅可以弄清楚，而且可以为进一步研究排污规律和泥沙运动提供科学依据。     

青岛大气降水中微量元素的浓度及溶解度

利用2016年6月~2017年5月在青岛采集的35个降水样品,分析其中8种微量元素的总态和溶解态浓度,讨论了大气降水中微量元素的浓度及其溶解度的变化特征,并探讨了影响大气降水中微量元素溶解度的因素.结果表明,青岛降水中微量元素的总态浓度以Al和Fe的最高,其次是Zn、Mn、Ba、Pb、Sr、V的较低;溶解态浓度以Zn的最高,其次是Al、Mn、Fe、Ba、Sr、Pb和V的较低;溶解度以地壳元素Al和Fe的最低,为5%左右,受到人为源影响的元素溶解度相对较高,Pb和Ba的为10%~40%,Mn和Sr的为20%~60%,Zn和V溶解度最高,平均约为55%.季节变化显示不同元素总态和溶解态浓度基本呈现冬、春季明显高于夏、秋季,溶解度基本表现为春季最高.持续降雨的前后期微量元素的总态和溶解态浓度均呈现明显降低,但溶解度的变化趋势在不同降雨过程中不一致,pH变化是控制降水中微量元素溶解度的主要因子.     

Water transport in polylactic acid (PLA), PLA/ polycaprolactone copolymers, and PLA/polyethylene glycol blends

Polylactic acid (PLA) is a hydrolytically degradable aliphatic polyester, and water vapor permeability may have a significant influence on the rate of degradation. A method is devised to use bags prepared from PLA films and filled with molecular sieves to determine the water vapor permeability in the polymer, its copolymers with caprolactone, and blends with polyethylene glycol. The “solution-diffusion” model is used to determine the permeability parameters. These include the solubility coefficient,S, a measure of the equilibrium water concentration available for hydrolysis and the diffusion coefficient,D, which characterizes the rate of water vapor diffusion into the film under specific conditions. Values ofS andD at 50‡C and 90% relative humidity ranged from 400 × 10^-6 to 1000 × 10^-6 cm³ (STP)/(cm³ Pa) and 0.20 × 10^-6 to 1.0 × 10^-6 cm²/s, respectively. TheS andD coefficients were also measured at 20 and 40‡C and compared to those of other polymers. The degree of crystallinity was found to have little influence on the measured permeability parameters. The heat of sorption, δH_S, and the activation energy of diffusion, E_D, were used to show that the permeability process is best described by the “water cluster” model for hydrophobic polymers. Finally, the diffusion coefficient is used to compare the rate of water diffusion to the rate of water consumption by ester hydrolysis. Results indicate that hydrolytic degradation of PLA is reaction-controlled.     

夏季南海气溶胶微量元素浓度、溶解度及干沉降通量

搭载国家自然科学基金委南海东北部共享航次（NORC2017-05），于2017年6月9日-8月11日在南海东北部采集气溶胶样品，使用淋溶装置得到气溶胶中微量元素（Al、Fe、Ti、Cr、V、Ba、Mn、Co、Ni、Pb、Cu、Zn）的溶解态浓度和溶解动力学曲线，混酸消解后用高分辨率电感耦合等离子体质谱测得其总浓度，并计算溶解度和干沉降通量.结果表明，夏季南海北部气溶胶中微量元素溶解态浓度、总浓度和干沉降通量均小于大多数陆架边缘海.微量元素溶解度相对较大，原因主要是气溶胶颗粒经过长距离输运后粒径较小，且经历的大气酸过程和云过程对元素溶解度影响显著.气溶胶中微量元素在Milli-Q水中25 min左右达到溶解平衡，后续以pH=2的HCl淋溶.酸淋溶过程中大部分微量金属的溶解度略有增加，约占水溶出量的30%~50%，而Pb在酸溶液中显著溶出，酸溶出量可达水溶出量的140%，表现出潜在的环境效应.夏季大气气溶胶输送的Fe占南海东北部混合层溶解态Fe的0.13%~6.00%，对浮游植物初级生产具有一定的支持功能.     

硝基多环芳烃在鱼水系统中的归趋和生物浓缩因子的研究

研究了六种硝基多环芳烃（ＮＯ２－ＰＡＨｓ）在实验室鱼水系统中的归趋，水中ＮＯ２－ＰＡＨｓ的含量在２４ｈ内降低较快；鱼体中积累浓度达最大值的时间各不相同，但在４８ｈ内基本上都达到峰值。测得草鱼对五种ＮＯ２－ＰＡＨｓ的生物浓缩因子在９０－８２０之间，并在生物浓缩因子与正辛醇－水分配系数以及与水溶解度之间建立了线性关系式。     

聚乙烯醇——乳化剂OP——聚乙二醇分光光度法测定湿沉降中硫酸盐

在硫酸钡浊度法测定硫酸盐和聚乙烯醇－聚乙二醇４００－乳化剂ＯＰ－氯化钡体系测定硫酸盐测试条件研究的基础上，研究了胶束增溶分光光度法硫酸盐的新方法。试验结果表明：硫酸盐浓度为０￣５０ｍｇ／ｌ时，曲线相关系数大于０．９９９，加标回收率为９４．６￣１０４．８％，相对标准偏差为２．２％。