退耕植茶对川西低山丘陵区土壤活性有机碳组分的影响

为探讨退耕植茶对土壤活性有机碳组分的影响,选取退耕2~3年(RT 2~3)、9~10年(RT 9~10)和16~17年(RT 16~17)的茶园为研究对象,以邻近撂荒地为对照(CK),测定其土壤颗粒有机碳(POC)、微生物量碳(MBC)、水溶性有机碳(WSOC)、可矿化有机碳(MOC)含量,并分析其分配比例随退耕植茶年限推移的变化.结果表明,POC、MBC和WSOC对退耕植茶的响应较为一致,与对照相比,退耕植茶初期(RT 2~3),各组分含量均降低,但随着植茶时间的推移,各组分含量逐渐增加,在植茶9~10或16~17年后显著高于撂荒地;退耕植茶后MOC含量显著降低,总体表现为CKRT 16~17RT 9~10RT 2~3,0~10 cm土层,RT 2~3、RT 9~10和RT 16~17土壤MOC含量分别较对照显著下降35.25%、23.89%和16.87%,10~20 cm土层中分别下降32.31%、13.09%和23.22%,20~40 cm土层中分别下降36.43%、28.79%和30.76%.植茶后,土壤活性有机碳在总有机碳中的比例整体现为0~10 cm高于20~40 cm,相较于表层土壤,深层土壤碳库的稳定性更强.退耕植茶有利于土壤肥力的保持,对提升土壤有机质水平起到积极作用,且随植茶时间的推移,土壤对碳的固持作用增强,土壤质量得到提升.     

青岛采暖期不同天气状况下大气颗粒态无机氮分布研究

于2007-10～2008-04采集了青岛近海采暖前及采暖期内大气气溶胶样品,并运用离子色谱法(IC)分析了颗粒物中的无机氮组分.结果表明,采暖期内青岛颗粒物和无机氮的浓度都有明显增加,采暖期颗粒物质量浓度为137.41μg/m3,比采暖前增加了82.2%;NO3--N和NH4+-N浓度分别由采暖前的2.48μg/m3和6.95μg/m3增加到采暖期的4.43μg/m3和10.28μg/m3.天气过程对于青岛颗粒物浓度和无机氮离子浓度均有较大影响.采暖期晴天颗粒物浓度均值为181.34μg/m3,较采暖前增加32.0%,主要源于二次气溶胶的NH4+-N和NO3--N浓度分别为5.56μg/m3和1.86μg/m3,低于采暖前.雾天因为低温高湿和污染物的循环积累,样品中颗粒物、NH4+-N和NO3--N平均浓度比采暖前浓度增加了1～2倍.大风降温天气下颗粒物浓度及无机氮组分浓度均有所降低.采暖期烟尘和飞灰的排放明显影响青岛大气颗粒物和无机氮的粒径分布,特别是细粒子部分.青岛近海颗粒物及NO3--N质量浓度呈现双峰分布,采暖前峰值出现在0.43～0.65μm与3.3～4.7μm的范围内,采暖期积聚模态峰值移至0.65～1.1μm范围内.NH4+-N粒径分布均呈现明显的单峰分布,峰值出现在积聚模态.     

夏季广州城区细颗粒物PM_(2.5)和PM_(1.0)中水溶性无机离子特征

于2008年7月1～31日在广州城区每天采集PM2.5和PM1.0样品.利用离子色谱分析了样品中Na+、NH4+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+、F-、Cl-、NO3-和SO24-等9种离子组分质量浓度,并同步收集气象因子、大气散射系数、大气能见度以及SO2、NO2、O3气体污染物质量浓度等数据.结果表明,PM2.5和PM1.0中水溶性无机离子总浓度分别为(25.5±10.9)μg·m-3和(22.7±10.5)μg·m-3,分别占PM2.5和PM1.0质量浓度的(47.9±4.3)%和(49.3±4.3)%.SO42-占PM2.5和PM1.0中质量浓度百分比最高,分别为(25.8±4.0)%和(27.5±4.5)%.较高的温度和O3浓度有利于SO24-的生成,较高相对湿度有利于NO3-的生成.PM2.5和PM1.0中亲水性较强的SO42-、NH4+和NO3-对散射系数和能见度影响较大.     

经饮水亚慢性铝染毒对大鼠血铁及相关蛋白水平的影响

为了探讨慢性铝暴露对大鼠铁代谢的影响,将100只4周龄清洁级雄性Wistar大鼠随机均分成摄铝组(430mg·L-1,以Al3+计)与对照组(蒸馏水),饮水染铝,每隔30d处死染铝大鼠和对照大鼠各10只,实验周期为150d.同时,在不同时间点(30d、60d、90d、120d、150d)测量大鼠体重,并进行协方差分析.最后,用火焰原子吸收分光光度法、固相竞争ELISA和比色法检测血浆Al、Fe、转铁蛋白(TF)、可溶性转铁蛋白受体(sTfR)含量及总铁结合力(TIBC).结果表明,在摄铝前期(90d前),染铝对大鼠体重无显著影响,而后期(120d后)染铝对大鼠体重抑制作用较大.在实验周期内,各时间点间对照组血浆中各指标均无显著差异,摄铝组随着时间的延长各指标变化较大.各时间点摄铝组血浆中Al含量及Al/Fe均显著高于对照组(p0.01);30d时摄铝组血浆中Fe含量与对照组相比无显著差异(p0.05),60、90、120d时均显著低于对照组(p0.01),150d时显著高于对照组(p0.01);30、60d时摄铝组血浆TF含量与对照组相比无显著差异(p0.05),90d后显著高于对照组(p0.05;p0.01);30、60d时摄铝组TIBC与对照组相比无显著差异(p0.05),其后各时间点均显著高于对照组(p0.01);30d时摄铝组sTfR含量与对照组相比无显著差异(p0.05),其后各时间点均显著低于对照组(p0.01).由此可见,铝可干扰大鼠体内铁的代谢,影响铁的生物学作用.     

曝气强度对膜生物反应器污泥混合液可滤性的影响

主要研究了曝气强度对膜生物反应器(MBR)膜污染的影响.2套MBR采用恒流出水模式连续运行60 d,曝气强度分别为500及100 L/h,应用死端过滤装置来检测不同阶段污泥混合液的可滤性.实验中对不同曝气强度下的溶解性微生物代谢产物(SMP)分子质量分布、颗粒粒径分布、胞外聚合物(EPS)含量进行了测定.结果表明,过高的曝气强度将恶化污泥混合液的可滤性,增加了膜污染速率.进一步研究表明,曝气强度的增加导致了污泥混合液上清液中相对分子质量>10000的SMP浓度的增加,此部分大分子有机物浓度直接影响了污泥混合液的可滤性.过高的曝气强度也导致了污泥絮体中1～10μm细小颗粒和EPS含量的增加.     

Evaluating the e ects of granular and membrane filtrations on chlorine demand in drinking water

In this study, chlorine decay experiments were conducted for the raw water from Nakdong River that is treated by Chilseo Water Treatment Plant (CWTP) situated in Haman, Korea as well as the e uents from sand and granular activated carbon (GAC) filters of CWTP and fitted using a chlorine decay model. The model estimated the fast and slow reacting nitrogenous as well as organic/inorganic compounds that were present in the water. It was found that the chlorine demand due to fast and slow reacting (FRA and SRA) organic/inorganic substances was not reduced significantly by sand as well as GAC filters. However, the treated e uents from those filters contained FRA and SRA that are less reactive and had small reaction rate constants. For the e uents from microfiltration, ultrafiltration, and nanofiltration the chlorine demand because FRA and SRA were further reduced but the reaction rate constants were larger compared to those of sand and GAC filter e uents. This has implications in the formation of disinfection by products (DBPs). If DBPs are assumed to form due to the interactions between chlorine and SRA, then it is possible that the DBP formation potential in the e uents from membrane filtrations could be higher than that in the e uents from granular media filters.     

超声波在低声能密度下处理污泥的实验研究

文章采用超声波在0.014W/mL、0.025W/mL、0.031W/mL、0.035W/mL四个声能密度水平下,作用时间在0～60min范围内对生活污水厂污泥进行处理。研究结果表明:在低声能密度下,超声波处理污泥45min可以使可溶性化学需氧量(SCOD)溶出率超过10%,同时可以使污泥中氨氮的含量降到5mg/L左右。     

温度对膜生物反应器运行特性及膜污染的影响

温度对膜生物反应器（MBR）污染物去除效果和膜污染速率都有很大的影响。采用两套相同的MBR蓑置在冬季运行,其中一套维持20℃的恒温,另一套水温与周围环境相同。对两套装置处理效果及膜污染速率进行对比,并通过反应器中溶解性微生物产物（SMF）、胞外聚合物（EPS）含量、污泥粒径分布扣膜面污染物的比较,分析温度对MBR运行的影响。研究结果表明膜对污染物的截留能有效补偿低温时微生物作用的不足,因此低温对出水水质并没有显著的影响。此外,低温时虽然SMP和EPS的释放增加,但并没有引起膜污来的加剧。相反地,低温时污泥粒径较高温时小,而粒径较大的颗粒更易沉积于膜表面,因此低温时膜面固体物质含量较低,膜污染速率反而比高温时低。     

Effectiveness of fluidized pellet bed for removing soluble contaminants

Fluidized pellet bed (FPB) has been successfully applied in water and wastewater treatment. However, the removal mechanism of contaminants especially the soluble ones, is still unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the e ectiveness of FPB reactor for removing soluble contaminants from synthetic wastewater. By only coagulation through jar test operation with addition of polyaluminium chloride (PACl) as primary coagulant and polyacryamide (PAM) as coagulant-aid, the removals of soluble chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphorus (TP), and NH4 +-N were found to be only 2.2%–7.5%, 5.7%–25.5%, and 9.9%–18.5%, respectively. However, by FPB operation under the same dosage of coagulants, these values increased to 82.7%, 37.2%, and 50%, indicating that the formation of pellets in the FPB e ectively enhanced the removal of soluble contaminants. By careful comparison of the settleablility and filterability of the pollutants after coagulation, the originally soluble contaminants could be divided into three groups, namely: (1) coagulated-andsettleable, (2) coagulated-but-nonsettleable, and (3) uncoagulable. It was found that not only the first two groups but also a large part of the third group could be e ectively removed by FPB operation. However, the mechanism for the removal of the uncoagulable pollutants by FPB operation still needs further investigation.     

Partitioning of water soluble organic carbon in three sediment size fractions： Effect of the humic substances

Water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in sediments plays an important role in transference and transformation of aquatic pollutants. This article investigated the inherent mechanisms of how sediemnt grain size affect the partitioning coeffcient (k) of WSOC. Influences of NaOH extracted humic substances were particularly focused on. Sediments were sampled from two cross-sections of the middle Yellow River and sieved into three size fractions (< 63 μm, 63-100 μm, and 100--300 μm). The total concentration of WSOC in sediments (CWSOC) and k were estimated using multiple water-sediment ratio experiments. Results show that CWSOC ranges from 0.012 to 0.022 mg/g, while k ranges from 0.8 to 3.9 L/kg. Correlations between the spectrum characteristics of NaOH extracted humic substances and k were analyzed. Strong positive correlations are determined between k and the aromaticity indicators of NaOH extracted humic substances in different sediment size fractions. Comparing with finer fractions (< 63 μm), k is higher in larger size fractions (63--100 and 100--300 μm) related to higher aromaticity degree of NaOH extracted humic substances mostly. While negative relationship between k and the area ratio of fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) at 3400 and 1430 cm-1 implied that the lowest k was related to the highest concentration of the acidic humic groups in particles < 63 μm. WSOC in finer fractions (< 63 μm) is likely to enter into pore water, which may further accelerate the transportation of aquatic contaminants from sediment to water.