混凝微界面过程研究与进展:AOM颗/粒物-IPF水-溶液相互作用的重要性

颗粒物微界面的物理化学过程在混凝工艺中起着十分重要的决定作用.有关界面过程化学的研究构成了混凝技术研究与发展的重要内容和理论基础.本文仅以颗粒物/AOM-IPF-水溶液的相互作用为例,从水体颗粒物的稳定性、高效纳米絮凝剂的研究、微界面形态与过程以及混凝作用机理等诸方面,对该领域的研究与进展加以系统介绍.     

无机盐对表面活性剂淋洗疏水性有机污染物的影响机理

表面活性剂淋洗法是去除土壤中疏水性有机污染物的一种有效方法。在简要介绍表面活性剂淋洗法去除作用机理的基础上,从增流和增溶两方面,讨论了无机盐对表面活性剂淋洗法去除疏水性有机污染物的影响机理。     

无机砷对稻田土微生物活性的影响

以种植汕优63和明恢63的稻田土为研究对象,探讨外源元机砷[As（Ⅲ）和As（Ⅴ）]对两种稻田土壤中微生物活性的影响。结果表明,无机砷处理后两种稻田土壤的微生物量碳,微生物呼吸强度,细菌、真菌和放线菌数量以及土壤脲酶、蛋白酶和蔗糖酶活性均随着砷浓度的增加而下降。同时发现,两种稻田土中各相关指标在无机砷处理下变化趋势一致。两种价态砷比较,以3价砷对稻田土壤微生物活性的影响较为显著。     

pH值对SBR生物反应器出水溶解态有机质含量与构成的影响

为探讨污水二级生化出水中有机物(EfOM)的构成特点和变化规律,采用配置生活污水,对不同pH值运行条件下, SBR生物反应器出水中的溶解态有机质(DOM)含量和构成进行了比较研究.结果表明,运行期间pH值的调节对SBR反应器出水DOM含量与构成的影响均较大.初始pH为6.5的SBR反应器, pH值降低为6.0后,出水DOC由原来的4.0mg·L-1不断升高,进一步提高pH值,能够起到一定的缓解作用;初始pH为8.0的SBR反应器,出水DOC从4.0mg·L-1快速降低并保持在2mg·L-1左右, pH值降低为6.5后, DOC变化不大.单宁酸和蛋白质、碳水化合物、DNA等微生物代谢产物(SMPs)是出水DOM的主要组成部分, pH值对SMPs生成的影响是一个长期的过程,运行过程中降低pH值,造成出水SMPs含量不断升高. pH值对整个循环过程中溶解态有机物降解情况的影响,在厌氧阶段发挥了主要作用,较高pH值有利于厌氧阶段有机物的降解,而好氧阶段的有机物降解受pH值影响不大.     

Assessing high resolution oxidation-reduction potential and soluble reactive phosphorus variation across vertical sediments and water layers in Xinghu Lake: A novel laboratory approach

To understand the transfer process of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) on the lake sediment-water interface in a mesotrophic shallow lake in South China, the SRP concentrations and the oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) across the sediment-water interfaces were continually monitored. Sediment samples were collected from Xinghu Lake in Guangdong Province. The ORP dynamics at di erent layers of overlying water was similar for six experimental systems, whereas those in porewater were significantly di erent. The ORP in overlying water was 200–300 mV higher than those in sediments. The oxygen penetration depth ranged from 2 to 10 mm in Xiannu Lake sediments. The variation amplitudes of ORP increased with sediment depth, but the mean ORP values were all about 218 mV. The SRP concentrations in porewater maintained at a low level of about 0.049 mg/L because of high atom ratio of total iron and total manganese to total phosphorus. The SRP concentrations and variation amplitudes in porewater increased with sediment depth. The SRP in overlying water mainly originated from SRP transference of the porewater of middle and bottom sediments (3–15 cm). The ORP variation and SRP transfer in porewater played important roles in changing SRP concentrations. A distinct SRP concentration gradient appeared in overlying water when intense exchange occurred at the sediment-water interface; therefore, it was necessary to monitor the SRP concentration profiles to accurately estimate the internal loading.     

吐温80对硝基苯的增溶作用和无机电解质作用机理研究

研究了在10℃条件下,非离子表面活性剂吐温80对硝基苯的增溶作用.结果表明,吐温80在临界胶束浓度(CMC)以上能够显著提高硝基苯的溶解度,对硝基苯的增溶曲线呈线性关系,MSR值为5.093,lgKm为3.499.硝基苯的增溶作用为吐温80胶束中聚氧乙烯链形成的聚醚微环境作用的结果.并考察了4种无机电解质NaCl、KCl、CaCl2、MgCl2对硝基苯增溶作用的影响,结果表明,4种高浓度(≥500 mg·L-1)无机电解质的加入,均使吐温80溶液中硝基苯的浓度有所增加,增溶曲线仍呈线性关系.在吐温80与无机电解质质量比为2∶1、5∶1和10∶1时,增溶曲线的MSR值与lgKm值均有提高,硝基苯在吐温80胶束中的分配增强.原因为随着无机电解质与吐温80胶束发生盐析作用.吐温80胶束体积变大,为硝基苯提供了更大的增溶空间.非离子表面活性剂-无机电解质复配体系可以作为表面活性剂强化修复中的一种冲洗液,提高非离子表面活性剂的使用效率,降低成本.     

Effects of operational factors on soluble microbial products in a carrier anaerobic ba ed reactor treating dilute wastewater

The effects of feed strength, hydraulic residence time （HRT）, and operational temperatures on soluble microbial product （SMP） production were investigated, to gain insights into the production mechanism. A carrier anaerobic baffled reactor （CABR） treating dilute wastewater was operated under a wide range of operational conditions, namely, feed strengths of 300-600 mg/L, HRTs of 9- 18 h, and temperatures of 10-28℃. Generally, SMP production increased with increasing feed strength and decreasing temperature. At high temperature （28℃）, SMP production increased with decreasing HRT. As the temperature was decreased to 18 and 10℃, the SMP production was at its peak for 12 h HRT. Therefore, temperature could be an important determinant of SMP production along with HRT. A higher SMP to soluble chemical oxygen demand （SCOD） ratio was found at high temperature and long HRT because of complete volatile fatty acid degradation. SMP accounted for 50%-75% of the SCOD in the last chamber of the CABR. As a secondary metabolite, some SMP could be consumed at lower feed strength.     

泉州湾海岸湿地沉积物C、N的空间变化

在泉州湾不同类型海岸湿地采集了6根短柱状样,利用激光粒度仪分析了沉积物的粒度并计算了中值粒径,利用元素分析仪分析了沉积物中的总有机碳（TOC）、总无机碳（TIC）和总氮（TN）含量.结果显示,泉州湾海岸湿地的沉积物以粉砂和粘土质粉砂为主,中值粒径介于9.2～18.5 μm之间;水头光滩湿地沉积物TIC含量约为0.137%,高于附近互花米草湿地的含量（0.014%～0.038%）,TIC主要集中在粗颗粒部分.沉积物TOC、TN含量分别介于0.939%～2.057%和0.163%～0.260%之间,互花米草对C、N具有很强的富集能力,红树林对C、N的富集能力很弱;周边的排污活动使水头地区的TOC含量明显高于洛阳江河口地区.沉积物TOC、TN含量与中值粒径之间的相关性很弱,TOC与TN之间具有显著的正相关关系,互花米草湿地TN含量与C/N、互花米草湿地和光滩湿地的TOC与C/N均表现为显著的正相关,这些初步说明泉州湾海岸湿地沉积物的TOC主要来源于周边污染物的排放及植被自身生产.     

均相Co/PMS系统降解吡虫啉的影响因素及降解途径研究

过渡态Co^2+-催化分解KHSO₅(Co/PMS)系统是一种新型的高级氧化技术,其反应体系可以产生强氧化性的硫酸自由基(SO^·-₄).以杀虫剂吡虫啉为目标污染物,重点研究了溶液中PMS浓度、Co^2+-浓度和无机阴离子(H₂PO^-₄、HCO^-₃、NO^-₃和Cl^-)对Co/PMS系统降解吡虫啉的影响.结果表明,吡虫啉的降解遵循准一级动力学,其降解速率与氧化剂PMS浓度和催化剂Co^2+-的浓度呈正相关.吡虫啉的降解速率随着PMS和Co^2+-浓度的增加而增大,但是当PMS与吡虫啉的摩尔比大于20时,增加PMS的浓度对吡虫啉的降解速率反而有一定程度的抑制.H₂PO^-₄能促进Co/PMS系统对虫啉的降解;低浓度的HCO^-₃促进吡虫啉的降解,高浓度则为抑制作用;Cl^-抑制吡虫啉的降解,而NO^-₃则对整个降解过程影响不明显.研究中采用GC/MS分析吡虫啉降解的中间产物,得到了6-氯烟酸和6-氯烟酰胺2种主要的中间产物,并由此推测其可能的降解途径.     

春季黄、东海表层水中的溶解无机碳

根据2009年5月在黄、东海海域获得的表层海水中溶解无机碳(DIC)和总碱度(TA)的数据,结合现场生物、化学和水文等参数,探讨了该海域DIC的分布特征、组成情况及其影响因素.结果表明,黄、东海表层海水DIC和TA的变化范围分别为1 918.8～2 196.1 μmol/L和2 127.0 ～2 420.7μmol/L...