相平衡分配法在滇池沉积物环境质量评价中的应用研究

对滇池8个采样点沉积物固相和间隙水中的金属含量进行分析测定,用实测方法计算Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd、Hg、As等7种金属在滇池沉积物中的分配系数Kp,利用相平衡分配法和国家地表水环境质量标准(GB3838-2002)中的Ⅲ类水质标准确定了滇池沉积物环境质量基准重点探讨了沉积物中的细颗粒物质(＜63μm)、酸可挥发性硫化物(AVS)、有机碳(TOC)等主要金属结合相对基准的校正方法.通过对118个样点沉积物中各金属的含量与确定的滇池沉积物环境质量基准值进行比较,结果表明,滇池沉积物存在较为严重的As、Cu、Zn、Cr污染,Pb、Cd污染有扩大的趋势.在外源污染得到控制、水质得到改善的情况下,滇池沉积物会成为内在的金属污染源.     

上海市城区径流污染及控制对策

随着城市点源污染控制程度的提高,雨水径流引起的面源污染日益突出.非渗透性地表径流污染成为城市水体污染的主要来源.对上海市城区非渗透性地表径流进行了为期3年的采样调查,监测了COD、BOD5、SS、NH3-N、TP和TN等污染物指标,并估算了单位面积径流年污染负荷.结合上海市实际情况,提出了城区径流污染控制的综合策略.     

二氧化硫质量浓度在线监测子系统

烟气二氧化硫在线监测系统由2个子系统(二氧化硫质量浓度监测子系统和二氧化硫流速及流量监测子系统)构成。文中对系统的监测原理、方案等做了简要介绍,对二氧化硫质量浓度在线监测子系统做了较充分的论述。     

膨胀颗粒污泥床反应器在低温低浓度下的动力学研究

在考虑膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)反应器的反应动力学、水力动力学和热动力学特点的基础上,建立了EGSB反应器在低浓度下的基质降解动力学模型,求出EGSB反应器在进水COD450m g/L、35,15℃(与35℃同样的液体上升流速)和15℃(提高液体上升流速至最佳)3种运行条件时的速率常数分别为3.91×102,1.07×102,2.54×102d-1。用A rrhenius方程分析了温度对速率常数的影响,计算出EGSB反应器在提高液体上升流速前后的活化能分别为4.897×104J/m o l和1.197×104J/m o。l低温使速率常数明显降低,但液体上升流速的提高却能显著提高速率常数,降低活化能。     

广东省温泉水和温泉宾馆室内氡浓度研究

利用RAD7和NR-667A测氡仪测量了广东省8处温泉水和温泉宾馆室内外氡浓度。不同地方的温泉水氡浓度差异较大;在浴室内使用温泉水洗浴时,温泉水氡浓度对宾馆室内氡浓度的影响程度也不一样,浴室内平均氡浓度比没有用温泉水时高0.6～18.6倍,卧室内氡浓度比没有用温泉水时高0.3～7.3倍,而且随着温泉水使用状况不同,室内氡浓度也有很大差异。浴室内使用温泉水时计算的氡转换系数较高。有些宾馆室内氡浓度超标,应采取一些管理措施或技术手段降低对宾馆工作人员的暴露水平。     

元素沉积通量在重金属高分辨率沉积记录中应用——以洪湖为例

通过对洪湖沉积柱样重金属元素Hg,Pb及总有机碳(TOC)沉积通量的研究,揭示了洪湖一百年内,特别是近10年以来重金属污染物的沉积特征与变化。研究认为应用“元素沉积通量”分析重金属在沉积柱的高分辨沉积记录,能够很好弥补元素浓度的缺陷,其结果也很好地与湖区沉积物来源时间变化相吻合。     

生物沥滤去除污泥重金属:污泥固体浓度和类型影响

研究了污泥固体浓度和污泥类型对Cu、Pb和Zn生物沥滤的影响。结果表明,污泥固体浓度越高,重金属沥出效果越差;高固体浓度污泥pH值降低缓慢,其SO42-产生量明显高于低污泥浓度。低固体浓度污泥下,氮磷钾营养物质流失量比高固体浓度污泥明显增多。厌氧消化污泥和生污泥中重金属的生物沥滤效果差异不大,但厌氧消化污泥的肥效流失明显高于生污泥。     

Temporal variations of CO2 concentration near land surface and its response to meteorological variables in Heihe River Basin, northwest China

Atmospheric CO2 concentration (CC) near land surface and meteorological variables have been measured at four sites,named Yeniugou (alpine meadow and permafrost), Xishui (mountainous forest), Linze (oasis edge) and Ejina (lower desert),respectively, in Heihe River Basin, northwest China. The results showed that, the half hourly CC at night was larger than in daytime,and the daily averaged CC was the largest in winter. The averaged CC of 932 d at the Linze was about 418 ppm, was about 366 ppm in the 762 d at the Ejina. In the same period from September 23 to November 9, 2004, the averaged CC was about 625,334, 436 and 353 ppm, at Yeniugou, Xishui, Linze and Ejina, respectively. The linear relationship between daily averaged CC and air temperature T was negative, between CC and relative humidity (RH) was positive. The linear CC-atmospheric pressure (A P) relationship was negative at the Linze and Yeniugou, was positive at the Ejina. The relationship between CC and global radiation R was exponent, and soil temperature Ts was negative linear, and soil water content was complex. The correlation between CC and wind speed was not existent.Using meteorological variables together to simulate CC, could give good results.     

Temporal and Spatial Variation of Nutrient Levels in the Nemunas River (Lithuania and Belarus)

There are discordant results on trends in nutrient river water quality from the economical transition countries in Europe. The present study assessed the impact of these economical changes on the load and concentration at 17 monitoring stations along the Nemunas River and its major tributaries (Lithuania and Belarus). Three time periods were evaluated: the Soviet rule command system period 1986–1991, the transfer to market economy period 1992–1996 and the post reform period 1997–2002. The most surprising result in this study, was the increased area-specific load of NO₃-N from the first to the third period at almost all the sampling sites. The increase was particularly large (43–78%) at the sites in the Lithuanian part of the river. The corresponding load increase in the Belarussian part of the river was only 1–15%. The statistical analyses of concentration data confirm the strong upward NO₃-N trend at the Nemunas mouth and at 5 of the 6 tributaries in the lower part of Nemunas. Temporal and spatial analysis of nitrates transport in the Nemunas River and its main tributaries revealed that nitrates mainly originate from agricultural areas. The upward trends were most likely an effect of ploughing of pastures and unbalanced crop fertilisation in combination with large storage and accumulation of soil-nitrogen during the Soviet period.On contrary to nitrate-N, the area-specific load of PO₄-P decreased significantly from the first to the third period at all sites along the Nemunas River (31–86%). Seasonal (SMK) and Partial (PMK) Mann-Kendall tests on PO₄-P concentrations also showed significant downward trend at 14 of 16 investigated sites. The decrease of PO₄-P levels was attributed to the reduction of municipal and industrial point source emissions and to the decreased livestock numbers.The NH₄-N load showed the same pattern as PO₄-P. At the river mouth the load was 90 kg km⁻² yr⁻¹ during the first period compared to only 20–30 kg km⁻² yr⁻¹ in the third period. The trend test on NH₄-N concentrations detected significant downward trends at 5 out of 16 sites. The declines were explained by decreased emissions from cities and large animal breeding farms.This study showed that trend analysis at multiple sites in a river basin is crucial for the understanding of the variability in time and space. Such analysis is also important for our interpretation of underlying sources and fluxes in a drainage basin over time. This is particularly important for compounds that have different source origin.     

皮带转运站除尘技术的研究与应用

针对皮带输送机运送各种含铁原料(矿粉),导致转运站岗位粉尘质量浓度严重超标的状况,通过不断研究、试验,研制了1种新型除尘装置,使转运站岗位粉尘质量浓度由过去的368 mg/m3降至10 mg/m3以下,解决了转运站扬尘的问题,目前此除尘技术已在济钢铁前区广泛推广应用.