Copper ecotoxicology of marine algae: a methodological appraisal

The production of accurate and reliable data on copper ecotoxicology of marine algae depends on the use of trace metal clean techniques during experimentation. We reviewed the methodologies used in the literature on copper ecotoxicology of marine macro- and microalgae, specifically the use of trace metal clean procedures such as the labware used (glassware vs. plasticware), methods of cleaning the labware (acid soaking and ultrapure water rinsing), stock solution preparation (copper source and acidification), and measurement and reporting of dissolved copper concentrations. In terms of taxonomic classification, the most studied algal groups were the Phyla Ochrophyta, Bacillariophyta, Rhodophyta, and Chlorophyta. In terms of methodology, ～50% of the articles did not specify the labware, ～25% used glassware, and ～25% plasticware; ～30% of the studies specified cleaning protocols for labware to remove trace metal impurities; the copper form used to prepare the stock solutions was specified in ～80% of studies but acidification to stabilise the dissolved copper was performed in only ～20%; and the dissolved copper concentration was measured in only ～40% of studies. We discuss the importance of following trace metal clean techniques for the comparison and interpretation of data obtained on copper ecotoxicology in algae.     

高填路堤边坡失稳机理与处治措施分析

高填路堤稳定性已成为制约山区高速公路建设的重要因素。以某失稳高填路堤为工程背景,基于将填方路堤和原 始地基作为整体边坡考虑的基本思路,根据现场调查、勘察成果,构建典型地质剖面模型,通过极限平衡条分法,对边 坡稳定性的影响因素,如水位、岩土体重度、内聚力、摩擦角等进行敏感性分析,计算得到边坡潜在滑动面剪出口与现 场实际基本一致,并分析其失稳是在持续强降雨入渗、填方路基土强度弱化后,在填筑路堤、粉质粘土夹碎石层与基岩 交界面顺层滑动剪出;最后分析不同抗滑桩设置位置、强度、间距支护作用下边坡安全系数及潜在滑面情况,推荐在距 离坡脚5 m处设置抗滑桩且其每米间距强度应大于250 t的处治方案。     

铜和镉对珠江天然仔鱼和幼鱼的毒性效应及其潜在生态风险

以静水实验法探讨珠江流域主要金属污染物铜和镉对当地天然仔鱼和幼鱼的急性毒性效应。结果显示,铜对西江赤眼鳟和鲴仔鱼(48 h)和广东鲂幼鱼(96 h)的LC50分别为0.066、0.055和0.10 mg·L-1,对应的安全浓度分别为0.006、0.010和0.010 mg·L-1;镉对赤眼鳟和鲴仔鱼(48 h)以及广东鲂幼鱼(96 h)的LC50分别为1.29、0.83和3.20 mg·L-1,对应的安全浓度分别为0.163、0.077和0.320 mg·L-1。其中,铜对上述受试鱼的安全浓度低于或接近我国《渔业水质标准》及《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅱ类水对铜的规定,而镉对这些受试鱼的安全浓度则高于相关标准对镉的规定。研究结果表明,珠江流域铜污染可能会对当地天然仔鱼、幼鱼群体的补充构成一定程度的威胁,但镉污染暂不会对该区域主要鱼类早期群体补充带来严重的生态风险。     

铜和镍对大麦根伸长的联合毒性研究

重金属的复合污染在环境污染中普遍存在,所以复合污染的联合毒性研究对于准确评价重金属污染有着重要的意义.本论文以大麦根伸长为研究对象,探索了铜(Cu)和镍(Ni)对大麦根伸长的联合毒性.基于Cu-Ni混合物的剂量-效应曲线,运用扩展的浓度加和(CA)与独立作用(RA)两个模型对不同浓度组合的Cu-Ni混合物的交互作用及联合毒性进行预测.结果表明,扩展的CA和RA模型均能较好地预测Cu-Ni混合物对大麦根伸长的联合毒性,低剂量的Ni能缓解Cu对大麦根伸长的毒性作用,但是低剂量的Cu对Ni的生物毒性没有显著影响.研究阐明了Cu、Ni复合作用对大麦根伸长联合毒性的效应机理.     

中国地区大气汞的数值模拟研究

结合中国地区的汞排放,利用引入大气汞化学反应机制和干沉降模型的区域大气环境模式系统(Regional Atmospheric Environment Model System,Reg AEMS),对中国地区大气汞化物浓度和干沉降通量的时空分布特征进行模拟研究。研究结果表明,中国地区年均气态零价汞Hg0、氧化汞Hg O、氢氧化汞Hg(OH)2、氯化汞Hg Cl2和颗粒态汞HgP的沉降量分布类似。除西部、西北部地区Hg0的浓度较低外(0.5 ng·m-3),其他地区均高于全球背景浓度。各类汞化物浓度的季节变化明显,8月最低,2、3月最高。一次汞源区附近汞浓度随高度递减,在离源较远的地区,高层汞浓度较高。气态零价汞的干沉降速度的季节变化最明显,其干沉降通量在夏季最高。模拟区域中气态零价汞、氧化汞和颗粒态汞的年干沉降量分别为163.9、7.43和32.2 t。     

三氯乙烯在不同土壤中的解吸行为

采用w(TOC)(TOC为总有机碳)不同的2种天然土壤以及用H₂O₂去除大部分软碳和高温灼烧去除全部有机碳后所得到的6种土样为吸附剂,以TCE(三氯乙烯)为研究对象,考察了有机碳含量及组成、矿物质、初始ρ(TCE)等因素对TCE解吸行为的影响,并比较了吸附解吸异质性大小. 结果表明,解吸平衡时6种土样的TCE解吸量不到相应吸附量的25%;TCE在6种土样上的解吸等温线表现出更高的非线性特征. 所有土样都表现出一定程度的吸附解吸异质性,HI(异质性指数)均大于2.0,其中H₂O₂氧化土样的异质性更高(HI>4.0). 2种原土中有机碳和矿物质对TCE解吸的平均贡献率分别为74%和26%,而H₂O₂氧化后的2种土样中该值分别为68%和32%;初始ρ(TCE)越高,矿物质的解吸贡献率相对越低. 此外,TCE的解吸量与土壤矿物质中孔和微孔的体积也有一定的关系.      

上海冬春季PM2.5中不挥发和半挥发颗粒物的浓度特征

微量振荡天平法广泛的应用于我国PM2.5的监测,该方法50℃的采样加热温度会导致PM2.5中半挥发颗粒物的损失, 而仅可获得PM2.5中的不挥发颗粒物的质量浓度,因此,PM2.5浓度的实际测值会偏低.微量振荡天平和膜动态测量联用技术可同时获得PM2.5中不挥发和半挥发颗粒物的质量浓度,本研究利用该技术于2011年12月~2012年4月在上海城郊开展了PM2.5中不挥发和半挥发颗粒物的连续观测,并对其浓度特征进行了分析.结果表明:上海冬春季大气PM2.5中半挥发性颗粒物占有较高比重,平均浓度比率为18.91%;PM2.5中半挥发颗粒物主要来自NH4NO3,在NH4NO3浓度较高的地区,PM2.5的监测应考虑半挥发颗粒物的损失;半挥发性颗粒物补偿前后的PM2.5浓度间有着较好的线性关系,在一定数据质量目标下,可由未补偿的浓度推算补偿后的PM2.5浓度.     

我国大气背景点挥发性有机污染物的浓度水平与组成特征

2010—2011年间,在全国范围内选择具有代表性的10个大气背景点开展相关研究,对大气背景点中VOCs的浓度水平与组成特征进行了系统的分析.研究结果表明,我国大气背景点挥发性有机物浓度范围为(3.82±2.96)μg.m-3—(22.74±3.60)μg.m-3,与其它国家和地区背景点空气中VOCs浓度相比,我国背景点空气中VOCs浓度处于较低水平.在空间分布上,大气背景点空气中VOCs浓度呈现东部较高,西部较低的态势,在季节变化上,除河北承德外,山东长岛、重庆武隆、西藏曲水和青海湖4个背景点均呈现出夏季空气中VOCs浓度高于冬季的趋势,这主要是由于夏季气温高,有利于VOCs挥发的原因.初步来源分析结果表明,我国背景点大气中挥发性有机物可能主要来源于自然燃烧、大气传输和局地的污染影响.     

Ackee apple (Blighia sapida) seeds: a novel adsorbent for the removal of Congo Red dye from aqueous solutions

The ability of ackee apple (AA) seeds to remove Congo Red (CR) dye from aqueous solution was investigated. AA was characterised using thermo gravimetric analyser, scanning electron microscopy, Braunauer Emmett Teller, pH_pzc, elemental analysis and Boehm titration. The effects of operational parameters such as adsorbent dosage, contact time, initial dye concentration and solution pH were studied in a batch system. pH has a profound influence on the adsorption process. Maximum dye adsorption was observed at pH 3.0. The reaction was fast, reaching equilibrium in 90 min. Adsorption data were best described by Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model with a maximum monolayer coverage of 161.89 mg·g^?1. Both boundary layer and intraparticle diffusion mechanisms were found to govern the adsorption process. Thermodynamic parameters such as standard free energy change (Δ G ⁰), standard enthalpy change (Δ H ⁰), and standard entropy change (Δ S ⁰) were studied. Values of Δ G ⁰ varied between?30.94 and?36.56 kJ·mol^?1, Δ H ⁰ was 25.61 kJ·mol^?1, and Δ S ⁰ was 74.84 kJ·mol^?1·K^?1, indicating that the removal of CR from aqueous solution by AA was spontaneous and endothermic in nature. Regeneration and reusability studies were carried out using different eluents. AA gave the highest adsorption efficiency up to four cycles when treated with 0.3 M HCl. AA was found to be an effective adsorbent for the removal of CR dye from aqueous solution.     

A study on the accumulation of nine heavy metals in some important fish species from a natural reservoir in Riyadh,Saudi Arabia

Concentrations of nine heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mn, As, and Fe) in the muscles of four fish species (O. niloticus, C. gariepinus, P. latipinna, and A. d. dispar) collected from the Riyadh River were detected using atomic absorption spectrophotometry in two different seasons in 2012. The concentrations of the studied heavy metals except Cd, Pb, Ni, and Cu in Aphanius d. dispar and Poecilia latipinna were found to be below the safe limits suggested by various authorities. This study also showed that Zn was predominant, while Cr was least accumulated metal in the studied fish muscles. Data demonstrated that there was a significant variation in the heavy-metal concentrations in different fish species in the Riyadh River. Significant positive correlations between heavy-metal concentrations in fish muscles were also found both in pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Metal pollution index was calculated to distinguish polluted from unpolluted ecosystems based upon current knowledge of metal bioavailability, bioconcentration, and bioaccumulation patterns. From the human health point of view, this study showed that there was a possible health risk to consumers due to the intake of Aphanius d. dispar and Poecilia latipinna under the current consumption rate in the country.