不同工况蚯蚓人工湿地表层污泥处理效果

通过在传统污泥干化湿地中投加蚯蚓,研究了蚯蚓人工湿地处理污泥技术的可操作性;同时研究了不同污泥负荷48、65、80 kg·(m~2·a)~(-1)、不同蚯蚓投放密度0、0.43、0.54、0.65 kg·m~(-2)以及不同进泥频率等工况条件下,该模拟湿地装置表层污泥的脱水和稳定化效果.结果表明,通过设置入土深度为10 mm的挡板,能够提供蚯蚓在进泥期间的栖身之所,保证蚯蚓湿地的正常运行;蚯蚓的加入能够显著改善人工湿地污泥干化和稳定化的效能,使表层污泥脱氢酶活性(dehydrogenase activity,DHA)更低,含水率和VS分别下降了15%和10%左右,并且在0.65 kg·m~(-2)的蚯蚓投放密度下,蚯蚓人工湿地的稳定化效果最好.随着污泥负荷的增加以及进泥频率的降低,蚯蚓人工湿地运行效能会变差.     

芦苇和香蒲在人工湿地城市污泥处理系统中的应用

用有机玻璃材料做成模拟人工湿地,分别种植芦苇和香蒲考察2种模拟植物湿地对城市污泥干化和稳定化、污泥中营养元素和重金属去除效果,并和空白湿地对比。实验污泥取自当地污水厂二沉池,污水处理采用厌氧池加氧化沟工艺。模拟人工湿地进泥负荷为0.72 kg TS/(m2.d),进泥中TS平均含量为5.58 g/L,pH为6.80。实验期为1年,采用间歇式进泥,渗滤液月采集测样一次,湿地剩余污泥2月1次。实验结果受天气和气候影响较大,处理效果夏季好于冬季,出水水质和剩余污泥的干化及稳定效果芦苇湿地好于香蒲湿地。剩余污泥中各种重金属含量低于污泥农用标准中各重金属离子浓度要求。结果表明,人工湿地植物净化系统对城市污泥有较好的脱水和稳定化效果。     

Modeling channel management impacts on river migration: a case study of Woodson bridge state recreation area,Sacramento river,California, USA

Understanding how hydraulic factors control alluvial river meander migration can help resource managers evaluate the long-term effects of floodplain management and bank stabilization measures. Using a numerical model based on the mechanics of flow and sediment transport in curved river channels, we predict 50 years of channel migration and suggest the planning and ecological implications of that migration for a 6.4-km reach (river miles 218–222) of the Sacramento River near the Woodson Bridge State Recreation Area, California, USA. Using four different channel management scenarios, our channel migration simulations suggest that: (1) channel stabilization alters the future channel planform locally and downstream from the stabilization; (2) rock revetment currently on the bank upstream from the Woodson Bridge recreation area causes more erosion of the channel bank at the recreation area than if the revetment were not present; (3) relocating the channel to the west and allowing subsequent unconstrained river migration relieves the erosion pressure in the Woodson Bridge area; (4) the subsequent migration reworks (erodes along one river bank and replaces new floodplain along the other) 26.5 ha of land; and (5) the river will rework between 8.5 and 48.5 ha of land in the study reach (over the course of 50 years), depending on the bank stabilization plan used. The reworking of floodplain lands is an important riparian ecosystem function that maintains habitat heterogeneity, an essential factor for the long-term survival of several threatened and endangered animal species in the Sacramento River area.     

高效藻类塘在污水处理中的研究及应用前景

高效藻类塘是在传统稳定塘的基础上发展起来的极具推广价值的污水处理技术。它具有停留时间短,水深浅,对氮磷的去除效果好的特点。本文阐述了高效藻类塘的特点、影响因素及去除机理,并展望了其应用前景。     

EROSIONAL POTENTIAL OF STREAMS IN URBANIZING AREAS1

ABSTRACT: In urbanizing areas, the usual increase in flood flows also increases erosional capability of streams. In order to evaluate such tendencies quantitatively, 25 stream reaches were studied, and were classified as to whether erosion of the channel and banks was light, medium, or heavy. Analysis of characteristics indicated that (1) densely developed areas are correlated with greater erosion, (2) wide stream buffers of natural vegetation are correlated with lesser erosion, and (3) there is no definite correlation of erosion to slope or characteristics of soil. Erosional stream instability can be avoided by retention of storm water runoff, creating additional channel roughness or reducing channel slope during floods by drop structures, such as culverts, which restrict flow. Channel straightening and general bank protection should be minimized in such streams. Design of culverts should take such effects into consideration.     

Ex situ remediation of contaminated sediments using mineral additives: assessment of pollutant bioavailability with the Microtox solid phase test

The aim of this work is to assess the potential ecotoxicological effects of contaminated sediments treated with mineral additives. The Microtox solid phase test was used to evaluate the effect of mineral additives on the toxicity of sediment suspensions. Four Mediterranean port sediments were studied after dredging and bioremediation: Sample A from navy harbor, sample B from commercial port and samples C and D from pleasure ports. Sediment samples were stabilized with three mineral additives: hematite, zero-valent iron and zeolite. Results show that all studied mineral additives can act as stabilizer agent in highly contaminated sediments (A and C) by decreasing dissolved metal concentrations and sediment toxicity level. On the contrary, for the less contaminated samples (B and D) hematite and zeolite can provoke toxic effect towards Vibrio fischeri since additive particles can favor bacteria retention and decrease bioluminescence emission.     

垃圾填埋场稳定化及其研究现状

文章对直埋场稳定化过程进行了初步描述，并从填埋气、渗滤液、垃圾组成和沉降等４个方面总结了填埋场稳定化的研究现状。     

Enhanced stability of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of subsurface solids

The stabilization of hydrogen peroxide was investigated as a basis for enhancing its downgradient transport and contact with contaminants during catalyzed H(2)O(2) propagations (CHP) in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO). Stabilization of hydrogen peroxide was investigated in slurries containing four characterized subsurface solids using phytate, citrate, and malonate as stabilizing agents after screening ten potential stabilizers. The extent of hydrogen peroxide stabilization and the most effective stabilizer were solid-specific; however, phytate was usually the most effective stabilizer, increasing the hydrogen peroxide half-life to as much as 50 times. The degree of stabilization was nearly as effective at 10 mM concentrations as at 250 mM or 1 M concentrations. The effect of stabilization on relative rates of hydroxyl radical activity varied between the subsurface solids, but citrate and malonate generally had a greater positive effect than phytate. The effect of phytate, citrate, and malonate on the relative rates of superoxide generation was minimal to somewhat negative, depending on the solid. The results of this research demonstrate that the stabilizers phytate, citrate, and malonate can significantly increase the half-life of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of subsurface solids during CHP reactions while maintaining a significant portion of the reactive oxygen species activity. Use of these stabilizers in the field will likely improve the delivery of hydrogen peroxide and downgradient treatment during CHP ISCO.     

污泥中重金属的稳定化研究进展与去除方法简述

通过"十一五"污水处理厂的建设,我国污泥产量也随之大幅增长,污泥的处理处置已经成为制约社会经济发展的重要问题。国际上的经验表明土地利用是污泥最终处置的主要发展方向,然而污泥中的重金属成为其土地利用的主要障碍。越来越多的研究者意识到,重金属的环境危害不仅仅取决于其总量,更取决于重金属存在形态。目前,Tessier分步提取法作为主流的污泥重金属划分方法,取得了广泛应用,该法将污泥中的重金属分成5种形态,分别为可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机结合态和残渣态。本文以此为基础综述了目前国内外主要的污泥重金属稳定和去除方法的原理及研究进展,比较了不同重金属稳定及去除方法的优点与不足,并提出了新的展望。     

外源Cd在不同类型土壤中的稳定化特征

为明晰镉(Cd)在不同类型土壤中的稳定化特征和有效性差异,以四川省6种主要的农耕土壤酸性紫色土、中性紫色土、石灰性紫色土、灰潮土、典型黄壤和漂洗黄壤为研究对象,通过土壤培养试验,对外源Cd进入土壤后的稳定化时间、化学形态和有效Cd含量进行了对比分析,进一步结合盆栽试验下各土壤中小白菜生物量和Cd含量,探讨了外源Cd在6种土壤中的化学行为和污染效应.结果表明：(1)6种土壤的有效Cd含量在外源Cd添加后的15 d内迅速降低,后趋于平稳.稳定后,漂洗黄壤和酸性紫色土的有效Cd含量显著高于其他4种土壤,石灰性紫色土最低(1.01 mg·kg^-1);(2)6种土壤中的Cd均以可交换态的占比最高(42.51%～56.07%),其次,漂洗黄壤和典型黄壤中的铁锰氧化物结合态Cd,石灰性紫色土中的碳酸盐结合态和灰潮土中的有机络合态Cd的占比相对较高;(3)低含量Cd处理下(0.5 mg·kg^-1),6种土壤中小白菜的生长均无明显抑制,生物量与对照无显著差异,但可食部位Cd含量却有不同程度地富集,表现为典型黄壤和漂洗黄壤显著高于其他4种土壤;高含量Cd处理下(...