街道地表物的累积与污染特征：以成都市为例

本文研究了成都市区74km~2范围内地表物的累积规律和污染特征.结果表明,街道地表物累积受土地用途影响;地表有机物受人类活动的影响;重金属受城市交通的影响.粒径分布研究发现街道地表物小于360μm的微粒占70％,且各种污染物主要吸附于细小的微粒上.使用地表污染物边坎累积模型计算了街道地表物和各种污染物的累积量.成都市区每天累积地表物达111吨,BOD,达78kg,COD达411kg,克氏氮6kg和总磷2kg.     

应用OSPM模式进行澳门街区峡谷污染评价

采用ＯＳＰＭ模式计算澳门城区街区峡谷内污染物浓度，进行污染评价．计算结果表明，对于高宽比较大的街区峡谷，ＯＳＰＭ模式有良好的适用性；在考察的时段内，澳门街区峡谷内机动车污染已经达到相当严重的程度，必须通过相应的措施进行控制．     

Influence of industry on the geochemical urban environment of Mieres (Spain) and associated health risk

This study is concerned with the elemental composition of soils and street dust collected in an historical industrial city of approximately 27 000 inhabitants, where old Hg mining and metallurgical activities strongly affected the load of heavy metals in the urban environment. For the purpose of the study, representative samples of soils and street dust were collected at different locations in the whole urban area (3 km²). Elevated mean concentrations of As in soils and street dust (69 and 135 g g^–1, respectively), and Hg (3.07 and 4.24 g g^–1, respectively), compared to background levels and to those found in other cities, reflect the anomalous geochemical nature of these materials and the strong influence exerted by the old mining sites.     

深街道峡谷内高架桥对污染物传播特性影响的模拟研究

城市化进程导致在城市中出现通风条件较差的深街谷,建设于深街谷内的高架桥会加重周边街谷内空气污染.用计算流体力学模拟方法（CFD）探索在不同环境风速下的深街谷中,高架桥的高度和宽度对街谷内气流组织与污染物扩散的影响.结果表明:高架宽度小于0.8倍街谷宽度时的高架桥不会抑制桥下空间的流动;桥宽增加会改变桥下空间的涡旋结构和涡旋方向,近地面流动方向由之前的从右至左流动变为从左至右流动,因而桥下空间污染分布也发生明显改变;高架桥宽度的增加导致两侧低层住户受到较大影响,对背风面住户的影响更为明显;但高架宽度为0.5倍街谷宽度的高架桥能对迎风面中层住户造成影响;增加高架桥的高度,其下方污染物浓度增加;当高架桥位于街谷冠层时,下部空间的污染物浓度急剧增加;冠层处及涡旋交界面高架桥对两侧住户产生较大影响,而其他高度高架桥对两侧住户影响不大;随着环境风速的增加,高架桥对近地面源污染物扩散的阻碍作用逐渐减弱.研究显示,深街谷中增加高架桥的宽度、高度都会导致街谷内空气质量的恶化,而高架桥会阻碍因环境风速增加对街谷内空气质量的改善.      

昆明市街道灰尘粒度特征及其环境意义

对昆明市2008年1、3、4、5、7和9月份6次采集的街道灰尘样品进行了粒度分析。结果表明：昆明市街道灰尘粒度主要呈三峰特征，第一众数为65～125 μm，第二众数为3～15 μm，第三众数为0.15～0.3 μm，平均粒径范围在39.91～255.85 μm，平均值为87.1 μm，旱季（90.6 μm）大于雨季（83.7 μm）；粒度分布以正偏度为主，峰态为中等到偏窄且不对称，分选很差；与现代粉尘源区尘暴降尘的粒度分布模式高度相似，街道灰尘沉积是大气环流对远近不同距离粗细颗粒物的混合搬运的结果，应是风积作用的继续；灰尘细粒含量较高，≤100 μm的颗粒平均为635%，在适当的大气动力条件下，昆明市街道灰尘颗粒有60%～90%可以进入大气；灰尘主要来源于土壤风沙尘、建筑尘、工业烟尘和汽车尾气排放，灰尘中可吸入颗粒平均占25.2%，潜在危害性大。     

A Street Categorization Method to Study Urban Noise: The Valladolid (Spain) Study

Abstract We describe the application of a categorization method for road traffic noise (TN) evaluation. The method assumes that urban noise is stratified according to a five-category classification of streets based only on their use as communication routes. The method has previously been shown to be valid for towns under 220,000 inhabitants, and in the present case is applied to study the urban noise in Valladolid (Spain), a town with a population of nearly 320,000 inhabitants. Novel mathematical tools in this field are used to analyze the method. We demonstrate the existence of a stratification of the streets sound levels. Thus, the categories defined seem to be quite adequate for towns of this size range. Moreover, noise level predictive capacity of the method was also analyzed, and an overall value for the predictive capacity of 80% was obtained. Thus, our method can be a simple, low-cost strategy to make a statistical evaluation of the TN in a city.     

Hybridization,agency discretion,and implementation of the U.S. Endangered Species Act

The U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) requires that the “best available scientific and commercial data” be used to protect imperiled species from extinction and preserve biodiversity. However, it does not provide specific guidance on how to apply this mandate. Scientific data can be uncertain and controversial, particularly regarding species delineation and hybridization issues. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) had an evolving hybrid policy to guide protection decisions for individuals of hybrid origin. Currently, this policy is in limbo because it resulted in several controversial conservation decisions in the past. Biologists from FWS must interpret and apply the best available science to their recommendations and likely use considerable discretion in making recommendations for what species to list, how to define those species, and how to recover them. We used semistructured interviews to collect data on FWS biologists’ use of discretion to make recommendations for listed species with hybridization issues. These biologists had a large amount of discretion to determine the best available science and how to interpret it but generally deferred to the scientific consensus on the taxonomic status of an organism. Respondents viewed hybridization primarily as a problem in the context of the ESA, although biologists who had experience with hybridization issues were more likely to describe it in more nuanced terms. Many interviewees expressed a desire to continue the current case‐by‐case approach for handling hybridization issues, but some wanted more guidance on procedures (i.e., a “flexible” hybrid policy). Field‐level information can provide critical insight into which policies are working (or not working) and why. The FWS biologists’ we interviewed had a high level of discretion, which greatly influenced ESA implementation, particularly in the context of hybridization.     

基于人工神经网络的街道峡谷NOx浓度的数值模型研究

通过对反向传播人工神经网络的算法和网络结构的研究，发现拟牛顿算法训练速度较快，能够较好地接近误差目标值，同时建立了包括输入层、隐含层、输出层的人工神经网络三层拓扑结构。通过对街道峡谷人工神经网络的训练，模拟计算了街道峡谷NOx浓度分布值。结果显示，训练误差和测试误差比为1．11，训练样本的模拟值与实测值的相关系数为0．93，测试样本的模拟值与实测值的相关系数为0．87，模拟值与实测值的相关系数均高于显著水平为α=0．05与α=0．01所对应检验性表的相关系数临界值。该模型能够用于街道峡谷污染物浓度的模拟计算，具有较好的泛化能力。     

基于人工神经网络的街道峡谷NO_x浓度的数值模型研究

通过对反向传播人工神经网络的算法和网络结构的研究,发现拟牛顿算法训练速度较快,能够较好地接近误差目标值,同时建立了包括输入层、隐含层、输出层的人工神经网络三层拓扑结构。通过对街道峡谷人工神经网络的训练,模拟计算了街道峡谷NOx浓度分布值。结果显示,训练误差和测试误差比为1.11,训练样本的模拟值与实测值的相关系数为0.93,测试样本的模拟值与实测值的相关系数为0.87,模拟值与实测值的相关系数均高于显著水平为α=0.05与α=0.01所对应检验性表的相关系数临界值。该模型能够用于街道峡谷污染物浓度的模拟计算,具有较好的泛化能力。     

宝鸡市街道尘埃磁学特征空间分布及环境意义

对宝鸡市街道尘埃样品进行详细系统环境磁学实验分析并结合扫描电子显微镜研究表明,宝鸡市街道尘埃中磁性矿物含量高,主要的磁性矿物为多畴和假单畴的低矫顽力亚铁磁性矿物,同时含有少量的赤铁矿等高矫顽力的硬磁性矿物.污染来源主要以工业和交通等人为污染为主.街道尘埃的磁学特征表现出一定的空间变化规律揭示出污染的空间分布,划分为6个主要区域:A(创新路到高新八路区域)和B(东风路和马营路区域),磁性物质含量整体很高,揭示污染相对较重,污染源主要为"工业+交通";C区(火炬路到医康区域)磁性物质含量相对较高,是中度污染的区域,污染源主要为"交通";D(经二路与人民路区域)、E(清姜路和姜谭路西部区域)和F(陈仓区虢镇),磁性物质含量相对较低,揭示轻度污染,污染源主要为"交通".