高温作业人员的防护措施

正常气温对人体是必需的、有益的。高温则会引起中暑。当环境受热明显超过散热时,机体则会出现热蓄积;当热蓄积超过了体温调节能力,则出现过热、中暑,甚至死亡。本文从佩戴个体防护用品、技术措施等角度,提出了预防高温作业人员受到职业危害的具体措施。     

PM2.5暴露对大鼠行为学及器官的急性毒理作用

通过气管滴注的方法,研究不同浓度细颗粒物(PM2.5)对运动大鼠行为学及不同器官的毒性作用,探讨PM2.5暴露对运动状态下机体的急性毒理作用及其可能的机制。将32只雄性Wistar SPF(Specific Pathogen Free,SPF)大鼠随机分为运动对照组(EC)、低剂量PM2.57.5 mg·(kg·bw)-1+运动组(LPE)、中剂量PM2.515 mg·(kg·bw)-1+运动组(MPE)、高剂量PM2.530 mg·(kg·bw)-1+运动组(HPE)。采用一次性气管滴注染毒后进行递增负荷跑台训练,利用卒中指数对运动过程中大鼠进行行为学评分,并测定大鼠肺、肝脏、股四头肌组织谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px),活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS),核转录因子核转录因子kappa B(nuclear factor-B,NF-κΒ)和单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(monocyte chemoattractant protein-1,MCP-1)浓度。与运动对照组相比,3个暴露组中大鼠的卒中指数差异均有统计学意义(p0.05或p0.01);PM2.5暴露组GSH-Px下降,差异均有统计学意义(p0.05或p0.01);ROS,NF-κΒ和MCP-1上升差异均有统计学意义(p0.05或p0.01),并呈现出剂量相关性。急性PM2.5暴露可对大鼠行为学产生不利的影响,导致不同器官的抗氧化及免疫指标发生改变,影响机体的运动能力,造成某些生理损伤。     

Generalized analytical expressions for safety instrumented systems' performance measures: PFDavg and PFH

Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS) constitute an indispensable element in the process of risk reduction for almost all of nowadays' industrial facilities. The main purpose of this paper is to develop a set of generalized and simplified analytical expressions for two commonly employed metrics to assess the performance of SIS in terms of safety integrity, namely: the Average Probability of Failure on Demand (PFD_avg) and the Probability of Dangerous Failure per Hour (PFH). In addition to the capability to treat any K-out-of-N architecture, the proposed formulas can smoothly take into account the contributions of Partial Stroke Testing (PST) and Common Cause Failures (CCF). The validity of the suggested analytical expressions is ensured through various comparisons that are carried out at different stages of their construction.     

缺血性脑卒中危险因素的研究

探讨缺血性脑卒中发病的危险因素方法用1：1配对病例对照研究,收集病例和对照各100例,用缺血性脑卒中流行病学调查表进行调查,内容包括：一般情况、生活方式、既往病史、脑血管病家族史、体格检查、血脂、血糖用单因素和多因素条件logistic分析方法分析结果;单因素分析显示缺血性脑卒中组的血清总胆固醇、甘油三脂、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、血糖、吸烟、饮酒、高血压、糖尿病、心脏病、脑血管病家族史与缺血性脑卒中的发病有关条件Logistic回归分析显示吸烟、高血压、心脏病是缺血性脑卒中的危险因素结论：吸烟、高血压、心脏病是缺血性脑卒中的危险因素．表5,参10．     

雷雨季节钻探施工的安全管理

本文论述了野外施工钻机在雷雨季节可能遭遇雷击现象，就如何采取防直击雷措施进行了分析与研究，即主要对钻机的接闪器、引下线、接地极及接地电阻进行了深入探讨，对野外钻探工程施工安全具有重要意义。     

云地闪电放电参量估算研究

对地闪放电参量的估算主要是利用雷电电磁场与电流的关系,通过一定的通道模型从观测到的电磁场数据来反演得到回击电流峰值等特征量。当观测距离远大于通道高度时,利用回击天线模型与随高度指数衰减的传输线电流模型（MTL）相结合得到远场近似公式;当观测距离较近时,利用“先导-回击模型”得到近场近似公式。并分别估算了回击电流峰值与回击中和的电荷量等放电参量,得到与实测数据相一致的结果．说明了近似公式的可靠性．     

Hazard perception of stroke drivers in a video-based Japanese hazard perception task

Objective: Hazard perception (HP) is the ability to identify a hazardous situation while driving. Though HP has been well studied among neurologically intact populations, little is known about the HP of neurologically impaired populations (in this study, stroke patients). The purpose of this study is, first, to investigate the HP of stroke patients and, second, to verify the effect of lesion side (right or left hemisphere) on HP, from the viewpoint of hazard types.

Methods: Sixty-seven neurologically intact age-matched older drivers and 63 stroke patients with valid driver’s licenses conducted a video-based Japanese HP task. Participants were asked to indicate the hazardous events in the driving scenario. These events were classified into 3 types: (1) behavioral prediction hazards (BP), which are those where the cause is visible before it becomes a hazard; (2) environmental prediction hazards (EP), which are those where the ultimate hazard may be hidden from view; and (3) dividing and focusing attention hazards (DF), which are those where there is more than one potential hazard to monitor on approach．Participants also took part in the Trail Making Test (TMT) to evaluate visual information processing speed.

Results: The results showed that the number of responses was significantly fewer for stroke patients than for age-matched drivers for all hazard types (P < .001), and this difference was not affected by lesion side (P > .05). It was also found that stroke patients showed a slower response time than age-matched drivers only for BP (P < .001). The lesion side did not affect response latency (P > .05). Results of the TMT revealed that age-matched drivers completed the task significantly faster than stroke patients (P < .001) and that neither TMT-A nor TMT-B differentiated between patients with left hemisphere damage and patients with right hemisphere damage (P > .05).

Conclusions: Firstly, HP in stroke patients is low compared to age-matched drivers. Secondly, even if stroke patients notice hazards, their response may be delayed in a BP situation, due to a slower visual information processing speed. Thirdly, the lesion side does not appear to affect HP.     

Partial stroke testing of process shutdown valves: How to determine the test coverage

Partial stroke testing (PST) has recently been introduced as a semi-automatic means to test process shutdown valves. Normally, this type of testing does not disturb the process and can detect many of the failures that traditionally have been revealed only by functional testing. The fraction of all dangerous failures that are detected by PST is called the PST coverage and is decisive for the effectiveness of the PST. So far, limited guidance on how to determine the PST coverage has been given. This paper discusses the application and limitations of PST and suggests a new procedure for how to determine the PST coverage factor.     

1997年5月7日益阳罕见雷击灾害分析

通过调查益阳市赫山区羊角乡小河口村发生的特大罕见雷击灾害，翔实记述了雷击出现引起的特异现象及灾害，科学地分析了雷击发生的天气形势和地理环境条件及其原因．并提出了预防雷击的措施。