离子交换纤维对金属氰络合物吸附性能的研究

采用强碱性离子交换纤维对含氰废水中主要离子铜氰络合物、锌氰络合物的吸附性能进行了研究.实验结果表明:含氰废水的pH在8～11范围内,纤维材料对金属氰络合物具有良好的吸附性能;纤维对铜氰络合物、锌氰络合物的吸附速率很快,4 min左右就可达吸附平衡;温度对铜氰络合物、锌氰络合物吸附影响不大,纤维的这些吸附特点对工业应用非常有利.     

农村环境善治的逻辑重塑——基于利益相关者理论的分析

农村环境污染问题是我国实现十八届五中全会倡导的五位一体重大战略的突出矛盾,也是学术界需要研究的核心问题之一。本研究利用利益相关者理论分析法,对我国农村环境治理失灵的内在机理进行理论解释,认为政府、企业、城市、村民、环保组织、科研院校等利益相关者的不同利益诉求和行为导向,造成了目前农村环境污染的现实困境。分析发现:正是政府层面重视经济发展,轻视监管职责;企业层面重视经济利润,轻视社会责任;农民层面重视生计诉求、轻视安全需求;城市层面突破政府管制,转嫁污染成本;环保组织力量资源有限,难以提供环保功能以及科研院校重视环保技术研发,轻视科技推广,才导致了现阶段农村环境污染愈演愈烈。因此,只有明确政府、企业、城市、村民、环保组织、科研院校等利益相关者的角色定位,充分发挥好各自的环保功能,真正构建起农村环境的共同治理体系,才能克服不同利益相关者之间的冲突和相互博弈状态,进而实现农村环境善治的目标。研究结论表明:农村环境善治的内涵体现为政治国家与公民社会的合作参与、共同治理乡村环境问题.其主要特征为合法性、透明性、责任性、回应性、有效性,其实质是在乡村环境治理中,构建起强国家和强社会的"双强"模式。通过构建这种"双强"模式使国家与社会在乡村环境治理中达成利益均衡共识,彼此协同合作,共同致力于乡村环境的善治之道,以此彻底改变现在的乡村污染面貌,最终实现十八届五中全会倡导的生态良好农村战略构想。     

船舶压载水中海洋微生物的羟基自由基致死特性研究

鉴于当前尚无一种有效治理压载水中外来有害生物入侵的方法,为解决这一难题,本文采用高级氧化技术,即生成高浓度羟基溶液的方法治理船舶压载水中的海洋微生物.研究主要是利用介质阻挡强电离放电的方法,将空气中的O2和海水中H2O电离离解成.OH等氧化自由基,溶于海水中形成高浓度羟基溶液.同时,实验以羟基致死压载水中的湛江等鞭金藻、牟氏角毛藻和大肠杆菌为例进行了研究.结果表明:羟基致死微生物的阈值为0.6 mg·L-1,主要是破坏了藻类体内的叶绿素,进而导致藻类的死亡.     

基于弱HSDI与强HSDI的区域可持续性评价——以中国环渤海地区为例

可持续性评价是可持续性科学研究的重要内容。在HDI和HSDI的基础上,构建对环境重视程度不同的弱HSDI与强HSDI评价指数,以中国环渤海地区为例,揭示区域2000-2015年可持续性基本状态与变化过程。结果表明：从基本状态来看,环渤海地区各市可持续性水平等级结构失衡,弱HSDI与强HSDI水平均呈两头小、中间大的纺锤形等级结构,但弱HSDI的等级结构失衡比强HSDI更严重,且弱、强HSDI空间格局差异较大;从变化过程来看,环渤海地区各市可持续发展步调不一致,弱HSDI与强HSDI均以显著增长趋势为主,但弱HSDI主要呈中高速增长,强HSDI主要呈中低速增长。结合评价结果,划分可持续性状态与过程矩阵,提出具有针对性的多元化策略,可为促进区域可持续发展提供决策参考。     

除草剂对强筋小麦产量及生理特性的影响

在盆栽和大田条件下,研究4种除草剂对2个强筋小麦品种(“临优145”和“临汾138”)产量及生理特性的影响.结果表明,在推荐用量下,除草剂对成穗数、穗粒数和穗长的影响较小,对株高、千粒重、旗叶叶绿素相对含量(SPAD值)、净光合速率及灌浆进程影响较大.2,4-D丁酯使旗叶SPAD值、净光合速率一直较低,千粒重降低;“巨星”在灌浆前期使旗叶SPAD值、净光合速率保持较高,灌浆中后期快速下降,并使灌浆持续时间相对缩短,千粒重最低,较对照分别低2.40g和0.84g;而“世玛”使灌浆前中期SPAD值和净光合速率较低,但下降相对缓慢,使灌浆持续时间分别延长3.48d和1.86d,“库”容增加,千粒重分别提高1.18g和1.05g,同时具有一定的降低株高作用;“骠马”虽使灌浆持续时间延长,但影响相对较小.除草剂对籽粒生长模型参数的影响,品种间存在一定差异,除草剂对“临优145”初始生长势、快增期和缓增期持续时间、快增期和缓增期平均灌浆速率影响较大,而对“临汾138”的这些指标以及总灌浆持续时间影响较大.分析旗叶光合特性、灌浆进程、千粒重及产量间的相关性,表明除草剂主要是通过旗叶生理和灌浆进程来影响千粒重和产量.图1表7参19     

强电磁脉冲环境下计算机设备的防护

探讨了强电磁脉冲对计算机设备的损伤机理和破坏作用,介绍了国内外在强电磁脉冲防护领域的研究发展状况,对计算机脉冲防护技术和措施做了详尽的介绍.结合国内外研究现状和发展趋势,建议加强相关领域的研究,并指出今后的研究方向,以提高强电磁脉冲环境下计算机设备的生存能力.     

云南省滑坡泥石流与强降水的相关性和多时间尺度特征研究

以云南省1961-2011年的滑坡泥石流灾害和逐日降水观测数据为基础,采用相关分析和小波变换分析方法,研究了云南滑坡泥石流与强降水变化的相关性特征和多时间尺度特征。结论为:近51年来云南滑坡泥石流活动频次呈现出逐步增长的趋势,云南滑坡泥石流与强降水的变化具有显著的相关关系,与暴雨的相关性最高,其次为大暴雨和大雨。云南滑坡泥石流与强降水变化表现出十分明显的多时间尺度变化特征。滑坡泥石流与强降水的变化均存在有6年的特征时间尺度变化,在6年的特征时间尺度上,云南滑坡泥石流的变化一般是相同或滞后于强降水的变化。     

强电磁环境测试天线研制

目的研制一种可以测试强电场的天线,用于GJB 1389A中规定的系统级电磁环境测试,拟测的电场强度约在10 k V/m以上,频段在12~18 GHz范围内。方法首先进行HFSS软件建模仿真,进行理论计算,优化设计后得到最优的天线参数,然后进行结构设计,得到最优设计图,最后按照设计图制作出实物来并进行实际测试分析。结果测试得到的天线系数在53~70 d B/m之间。结论所研制的天线基本满足要求。     

Effects of hydrodynamics processes on phosphorus fluxes from sediment in large, shallow Taihu Lake

The turnover of phosphorus （P） in lake sediments, a major cause of eutrophication and subsequent deterioration of water quality, is in need of deep understanding. In this study, effects of resuspension on P release were studied in cylindrical microcosms with Yshape apparatus. The results indicated that there was a positive correlation between flux of suspended substance across sediment-water interface （Fss） and the wind speed, and an increasing Fss during each wind process followed by a steady state. The maximal Fss under fight, moderate, and strong wind conditions were 299.9±41.1,573.4±61.7, and 2093.8±215.7 g/m^2, respectively. However, flux of P across sediment-water interface （Fp） did not follow a similar pattern as Fss responding to wind intensity, which increased and reached the maximum in initial 120 rain for fight wind, then decreased gradually, with maximal flux of 9.4±1.9 mg/m^2. A rapid increase of Fp at the first 30 rain was observed under moderate wind, with maximal flux of 11.2±0.6 mg/m^2. Surprisingly, strong wind caused less Fp than under light and moderate wind conditions with maximal flux of 3.5±0.9 mg/m^2. Fss in water column declined obviously during the sedimentation process after winds, but Fp varied with wind regime. No obvious difference was detected on Fp after 8 h sedimentation process, compared with the initial value, which means little redundant P left in the water column after winds.     

Removal of heavy metals using waste eggshell

The removal capacity of toxic heavy metals by the reused eggshell was studied.As a pretreatment process for the preparation of reused material from waste eggshell,calcination was performed in the furnace at 800℃for 2 h after crushing the dried waste eggshell.Calcination behavior,qualitative and quantitative elemental information,mineral type and surface characteristics before and after calcination of eggshell were examined by thermal gravimetric analysis(TGA),X-ray fluorescence (XRF),X-ray diffraction(XRD) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM),respectively.After calcination,the major inorganic composition was identified as Ca(lime, 99.63%)and K,P and Sr were identified as minor components.When calcined eggshell was applied in the treatment of synthetic wastewater containing heavy metals,a complete removal of Cd as well as above 99% removal of Cr was observed after 10 min. Although the natural eggshell had some removal capacity of Cd and Cr,a complete removal was not accomplished even after 60 min due to quite slower removal rate.However,in contrast to Cd and Cr,an efficient removal of Pb was observed with the natural eggshell rather than the calcined eggshell.From the application of the calcined eggshell in the treatment of real electroplating wastewater, the calcined eggshell showed a promising removal capacity of heavy metal ions as well as had a good neutralization capacity in the treatment of strong acidic wastewater.