人工湿地中试系统基质中藻类组成的研究

从2003年3月到2004年2月，在水力负荷为600mm／d的条件下研究了人工湿地中试系统（medium scale plot，MSP）基质中藻类的组成．结果表明，栅藻、小球藻、盘星藻、空星藻、纤维藻、舟行藻、小环藻、平裂藻和颤藻属的一些种类在下行池基质各层不同季节均有出现，下行池表层藻类较丰；上行池基质中不同季节的藻类组成中念珠藻和鱼腥藻均为固氮种类，菱板藻、舟行藻和卵形藻属的一些种类在上行池表层出现较多，上行池藻类组成较下行池少．本实验探讨了在人工湿地基质中存在的藻类组成，为湿地除藻机理和评估系统的稳定性提供参考．图1表2参10     

A longitudinal assessment of the aquatic macroinvertebrate community in the channelized lower Missouri River

We conducted an aquatic macroinvertebrate assessment in the channelized reach of the lower Missouri River, and used statistical analysis of individual metrics and multimetric scores to identify community response patterns and evaluate relative biological condition. We examined longitudinal site differences that are potentially associated with water qualityrelated factors originating from the Kansas City metropolitan area, using data from coarse rock substrate in flowing water habitats (outside river bends), and depositional mud substratein slack water habitats (dike fields). Three sites above rivermile (RM) 369 in Kansas City (Nebraska City, RM = 560; St. Joseph, RM = 530; Parkville, RM = 377) and three below (Lexington, RM = 319; Glasgow, RM = 228; Hermann, RM = 94) were sampled with rock basket artificial substrates, a qualitative kicknet method, and the Petite Ponar. We also compared the performance of the methods used. A total of 132 aquatic macroinvertebrate taxa were collected from the lower Missouri River; one third of these taxa belonged to the sensitiveEPOT insect orders (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Odonata, and Trichoptera). Rock baskets had the highest mean efficiency (34.1%) of the methods, and the largest number of taxa was collected by Ponar (n = 69) and kicknet (n = 69) methods. Seven of the 15 metrics calculated from rock basket data, and five ofthe nine metrics calculated from Ponar data showed highly significant differences (ANOVA, P < 0.001) at one or more sitesbelow Kansas City. We observed a substantial reduction in net-spinning Trichoptera in rock habitats below Kansas City (Lexington), an increase in relative dominance of Oligochaeta in depositional habitats at the next site downstream (Glasgow), and lower relative condition scores in rock habitat at Lexingtonand depositional habitat at Glasgow. Collectively, these data indicate that some urban-related impacts on the aquatic macroinvertebrate community are occurring. Our results suggest that the methods and assessment framework we used in this studycould be successfully applied on a larger scale with concurrentwater and sediment chemistry to validate metrics, establish impairment levels, and develop a specific macroinvertebrate community index for the lower Missouri River. We recommend accomplishing this with longitudinal multi-habitat sampling at a larger number of sites related to all potential sources of impairment, including major tributaries, urban areas, and point sources.     

Artificial Sampling Units: A Tool for Increasing the Sensitivity of Tests for Impact in Soft Sediments

The distribution of benthic organisms in soft sediments is patchy in time and space on many scales. Such variability makes assessment of ecological impacts difficult. Sediment-related variables, such as grain-size and organic content, which can affect colonization by infauna, vary over similar scales. Variations in characteristics of the sediment may contribute to spatial variability in infaunal assemblages, making it difficult to detect the putative impacts of disturbances, such as the production of boat-generated waves (wash), on these organisms. Here, the hypothesis that infaunal assemblages colonizing containers of homogeneous sedimentwould be less spatially variable than those colonizing natural sediment was tested. Containers were deployed at mudflats differing in exposure to wash. If wash does affect colonization, a reduction in variability among sites of similar exposure should enable stronger differences to be seen between wash and no-wash zones. Assemblages colonizing homogeneous sediment were less variable than those colonizing site-specific sediment. No difference in colonization was, however, seen between places differing in their exposure to wash. Nevertheless, this method is of use in the assessment of ecological impacts in sedimentary environments, where it is difficult to detect putative impacts above the great natural variability in assemblages.     

SBR法过程动力学研究

对ＳＢＲ法的基质降解过程动力学进行了分析和讨论，推导出一级反应动力学关系式，确定了其常数的求定方法，并提出了一种求定不可生物降ＣＯＤ的新方法，继之以试验结果为动力学关系式进行了拟合，对体系的脱氢酶活性变化过程进行了研究，探讨了基质脱氢酶活性与基质浓度的关系。     

激光驱动微小碎片超高速发射技术研究

激光驱动微小碎片装置是地面模拟微小空间碎片对航天器超高速碰撞的重要设备,其模拟碎片的速度和整体性是两个最关键的性能参数.文中从驱动设备的原理出发,介绍了激光性能参数、飞片靶约束层及烧蚀涂层对碎片速度和整体性的影响,并介绍了约束层和烧蚀涂层厚度设计方法及选材范围.近期的试验研究采用单膜结构飞片靶,试验可以将7μm厚、直径1 mm的铝膜驱动到8.3 km/s.     

滇池入湖河道底质污染及防治对策研究

根据滇池草海入湖河道底泥污染类型、污染程度、特征、分布规律等进行综合分析研究，对入湖河道的底泥污染提出防治对策。     

长期施肥稻田土壤胞外酶活性对底物可利用性的响应特征

土壤中碳(C)和氮(N)等底物的可利用性决定着微生物生长代谢,同时影响土壤胞外酶活性.为探讨土壤酶活性对土壤原有有机质变化的响应,本试验选取了长期定位试验田的4种施肥处理水稻土[无肥对照(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、有机肥+化肥配施(OM)和秸秆还田+化肥配施(ST)],通过0、 4、 8和12个月的分段培养获取了具有不同可利用性C、N含量梯度的土壤,分析参与土壤碳氮转化过程的关键酶β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)和β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)活性与可溶性有机碳(DOC)、铵态氮(NH~+_4-N)、土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)和微生物生物量氮(MBN)含量的关系.结果表明,OM和ST处理对土壤中DOC含量的提高更显著(P0.01),是CK和NPK处理的2～3倍.NPK、OM和ST处理的MBC含量、BG和NAG酶活性高于CK处理.所有施肥处理中,随着可利用性底物(DOC和NH~+_4-N)含量的升高,BG和NAG活性整体呈稳定或下降趋势,MBC和MBN含量变化趋势与BG和NAG相同.施肥处理和培养时间以及二者的交互作用极显著影响(P0.01)土壤DOC、NH~+_4-N、MBC和MBN的含量.回归分析显示, OM处理MBC/MBN值与DOC/NH~+_4-N值之间正相关(P0.05);ST处理的ln(BG)/ln(NAG)值和DOC/NH~+_4-N值之间负相关(P0.01),这表明稻田土壤可利用性底物浓度是影响胞外酶活性的关键因子,且微生物量的碳氮计量比受控于土壤中底物的碳氮计量关系.该结果对深入研究稻田土壤中胞外酶活性变化规律,调节稻田土壤碳氮平衡,提高稻田土壤肥力具有一定指导意义.     

浅基质层干植草沟运行效果的现场实验

为避免设施出水下渗污染地下水并防止市政管道雨污倒灌进入设施,于上海市区高架路下方建造一座排水管上弯的不透型浅层干植草沟.根据2019年汛期内进、出水量及水质的长期监测,对设施水文及水质控制效果进行评价.结果表明监测期内设施径流总量控制率为39.4%,对初始雨强小于8.0 mm·h~(-1)的降雨具有明显峰值削减效果;设施能有效去除道路径流中总悬浮固体(TSS)、化学需氧量(COD)、总磷(TP)和总氮(TN),污染物负荷去除率分别为95.4%、 83.1%、 90.0%和57.7%;设施基质层添加的发酵木屑和排水管上弯的构造可在进水期实现反硝化并在前期无雨期(ADP)维持一定反硝化效果,设施水力负荷(HLR)的增大及无雨期的延长分别影响进水期与无雨期硝酸盐氮(NO~-_3-N)的去除.在基质层饱和渗透速率较高、厚度较浅条件下,设施有效改善了道路径流水质.不透型干植草沟可与市区河道的调蓄容积结合,共同承担起高地下水位地区实现年径流总量与污染负荷控制率的任务.     

专性菌系对石油烃污染土壤的修复性能

从焦化废水厂的活性污泥中采用“邻苯二酚-石油烃”双底物驯化获得石油烃的专性降解菌系,在最佳环境条件下研究其对石油污染土壤的修复性能.高通量测序分析显示,驯化后的专性菌系以产黄杆菌属（Rhodanobacter sp.）为主,占比41%.最适降解温度为30~35℃,最佳pH值为7~8.聚山梨酯-80（吐温80）可作为碳源促进专性菌系的生长,提高石油烃的降解效率,并且添加吐温80比十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）更利于石油烃的降解.研究表明,当吐温80的浓度为5CMC（即375mg/L）时,石油烃的降解效率最高.在最佳环境条件下,为期80d修复试验,构建的专性菌系石油烃降解效率稳定在77%,这证实了双底物驯化模式获得的专性菌系对石油污染土壤具有良好的修复性能.     

基质比对厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化脱氮除碳的影响

采用SBR处理实际生活污水,在实现半亚硝化时,其出水加入定量的Na NO_2作为厌氧氨氧化过程厌氧序批式反应器(ASBR)的进水.在温度为24℃、pH为7. 2±0. 2时,考察不同进水NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N对厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化脱氮除碳的影响.结果表明:(1)进水NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N为1. 4～1. 6时系统脱氮效能最佳,NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N和COD平均出水浓度分别为2. 14、1. 07和30. 50 mg·L~(-1),三者去除率分别为93. 62%、97. 79%和74. 75%,ΔNO_2~--N/ΔNH_4~+-N和ΔNO_3~--N/ΔNH_4~+-N分别为1. 60和0. 17,TN的去除是异养反硝化菌和厌氧氨氧化菌共同作用的结果.(2)随着进水NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N的逐渐增大,厌氧氨氧化对脱氮的贡献率逐渐减小,异养反硝化对脱氮的贡献率逐渐增加.(3)典型周期内,NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N的降解过程均为零级反应,线性关系良好,比降解速率分别为0. 404 mg·(g·h)~(-1)和0. 599 mg·(g·h)~(-1),两者的比降解速率之比为1. 48,COD的比降解速率呈现逐渐增大的趋势.