膜基材对连续流动态膜厌氧混合发酵系统的影响

采用动态膜生物反应器(DMBR)成功启动并稳定运行了玉米秸秆与餐厨垃圾中温厌氧混合发酵系统,重点探究了膜基材性质(膜面积、膜孔径和膜材质)对连续流动态膜混合发酵系统运行性能和动态膜性能的影响.结果表明,膜面积、膜孔径和膜材质对动态膜的形成、膜通量的改变和有机质的截留能力均有影响显著.其中,适当增大膜面积以降低膜通量能够显著降低膜反洗频率;与200目尼龙网膜基材相比,相同膜面积的300目不锈钢膜基材的有机质截留率更高(95%),稳定状态出料浊度低于50 NTU,相应的DMBR系统甲烷产率由(111.1±7.9) mL·g~(-1) COD增至(217.1±18.6) mL·g~(-1) COD.比对分析可知,300目不锈钢膜基材能够较好地实现混合发酵系统水力停留时间(HRT)和固体停留时间(SRT)的稳定分离,有利于最大限度地提升混合发酵系统的甲烷产率.此外,在选定动态膜组件较优膜面积、膜孔径(300目)和膜材质(不锈钢网)的基础上,设定有机负荷、HRT和SRT分别为(3.91±0.55) g·L~(-1)·d~(-1)、30 d和46 d,连续流动态膜混合发酵系统能够实现长时间高效稳定运行,反应器内辅酶F_(420)浓度(1.65μmol·g~(-1) VS)较高,且纤维素类生物质降解显著.     

不同颜色聚碳酸酯塑料对附着藻类生长和群落结构的影响

附着藻类是水体重要的初级生产者,在维持水体生态功能和水质净化方面具有重要的作用.前期研究表明塑料是良好的附着藻类着生基质,不同塑料材质对附着藻类定植影响不同,但有关塑料颜色对附着藻类生长影响的研究还鲜见报道.以不同颜色的聚碳酸酯塑料(PC)为附着基质,通过测定附着藻类的生物量、光合作用活力和群落组成等,探究其对附着藻类生长和群落结构的影响.结果表明,整个实验周期内,茶色PC塑料会抑制附着藻类的生长,该组叶绿素a和干重含量显著低于其他实验组.绿色PC塑料会抑制附着藻类的光合活力,该组的实际光合效率(Yield)显著低于其他实验组.不同颜色PC塑料对附着藻类影响主要在前期定植/发育阶段,后期群落成熟时影响不显著.实验第7 d,透明PC塑料组和绿色PC塑料组附着藻类的群落组成有显著差异;第25 d和第40 d,各实验组的附着藻类的群落结构趋同,无显著差异.实验初期(第7 d),各实验组的优势属为蓝藻门伪鱼腥藻属,中后期(第25 d和40 d)为绿藻门转板藻属.本研究初步探讨了不同颜色的PC塑料对附着藻类生长和群落发育的影响,可为利用周丛生物技术开展水污染治理时,挑选合适颜色的附着基质,提供参...     

层状双金属氢氧化物覆膜改性人工湿地无烟煤基质除磷

分别选取MgCl2、ZnCl2、CaCl2、CoCl3、FeCl3、AlCl3等6种金属化合物合成9种不同类型层状双金属氢氧化物(LDHs),利用其对垂直流人工湿地无烟煤基质进行LDHs覆膜改性;构建模拟基质试验柱,对改性前后的无烟煤基质进行模拟垂直流人工湿地净化污水试验.结果表明:相对于原始无烟煤基质,各种LDHs覆膜改性基质对总磷、溶解性总磷、颗粒态磷和磷酸盐的去除率均有不同程度的提高;Zn2+参与合成的改性基质对总磷、溶解性总磷、颗粒态磷和磷酸盐均有很好的去除效果,其中ZnCo-LDHs和ZnAl-LDHs改性基质对总磷和溶解性总磷的平均去除率超过95%,对磷酸盐平均去除率达到98%以上.     

COMPARISON OF FOUR ARTIFICIAL SUBSTRATES AND THE PONAR GRAB FOR BENTHIC INVERTEBRATE COLLECTION1

ABSTRACT: Four different bottom-placed artificial substrates were compared with the Ponar grab for collecting benthic invertebrates. Artificial substrate samples of organisms were larger and more diverse than those of the grab. Barbeque Basket samplers caught the most taxa and individuals and Beak Trays caught the least. Chironomids and crustaceans were dominant in artificial substrate samples. Exposure habitat (left or right bank) determined taxa availability, whereas sampler design determined suitability for colonization by the taxa. Diversity for Beak Tray samples was lower than that for other artificial substrates but higher than for Ponar samples. The Barbeque Basket, Bull Basket, and Multiple Plate samples were taxonomically similar. Ponar samples were different, and Beak Trays were of intermediate similarity. As qualitative samplers, Barbeque Baskets were 63 percent efficient, followed by Bull Baskets (55 percent), Multiple Plates (48 percent), Beak Trays (38 percent), and Ponar Grabs (6–10 percent). Bull Baskets required the least and Beak Trays the most replicates to be within a preselected percentage error of the mean at the 95 percent probability level for numbers of taxa and individuals, and for diversity. Under conditions of the study, Bull Baskets ranked highest, followed by Barbeque Baskets and Multiple Plates, in selected performance criteria. Differences between grab and artificial substrate samples are explainable in terms of major riverine habitats and characteristics of the collection methods.     

含硫底物种类与浓度对污泥重金属生物沥滤的影响

以城市污水处理厂剩余污泥为材料,探究不同含硫底物及其浓度对污泥重金属生物沥滤的效果影响,通过添加单一底物(S0、Fe SO4、Na2S2O3、Fe S和Fe S2)、两种底物配合(S0+Fe SO4、S0+Na2S2O3、S0+Fe S、S0+Fe S2)进行沥滤实验。结果表明:除Fe S和Fe S2外,投加单一底物的沥滤体系中p H都呈下降趋势,沥滤持续5 d后p H值降至1.8左右,污泥中Zn、Pb、Ni、Cr和Cu等重金属去除率高,底物投加量为8~10 g/L(以S计);投加复合底物时,最佳投加方式为S0+Fe SO4,投加量为8 g/L,此时污泥体系酸化速度快,污泥中重金属Zn、Pb、Ni、Cr、Cu去除率分别达95.41%、89.48%、86.45%、84.51%和94.33%。     

利用有机质发酵产氢的影响因素与应用前景

煤、石油等化石能源的紧缺,使得氢气等可再生能源的开发与利用备受关注.生物制氢技术由于在获得清洁能源氢气的同时,还使得大量有机废弃物得到处理或净化,从而使得该技术成为当前研究的热点.总结了发酵产氢的微生物种类及产氢基质,阐述了不同有机物种类的发酵产氢机理,综述了温度、pH值、金属离子、气相条件及氧化还原电位等生态因子对发酵产氢的影响,并论述了生物制氢技术的发展方向和应用前景.     

几种人工湿地基质净化磷素污染性能的分析

通过基质磷素等温吸附、净化磷素污染效果和基质磷素饱和吸附后磷素释放实验,研究了砂子、沸石、蛭石、黄褐土、下蜀黄土、粉煤灰和矿渣7种人工湿地基质净化磷素污染效果和影响因素,并评价了基质磷素饱和吸附后磷素释放可能造成的二次污染风险结果表明:Freundlich和Langmuir等温吸附曲线方程均能很好地描述上述基质磷素吸附过程,其磷素理论饱和吸附量依次为矿渣＞粉煤灰＞蛭石＞表土＞下蜀黄土＞沸石＞砂子.磷素的净化能力依次为矿渣＞粉煤灰＞蛭石＞表土＞下蜀黄土＞沸石＞砂子,模拟污水磷素净化实验也证实矿渣、粉煤灰、蛭石净化磷素污染效果较好,表土和下蜀黄土次之,沸石和砂子净化磷素污染效果较差.矿渣和粉煤灰等钙素含量较高的碱性基质,影响磷素吸附净化效果的主要因素是基质的全钙含量,碱性条件下,基质全钙含量越高,其吸附的磷素越多,净化磷素污染的效果越好.砂子、沸石、下蜀黄土、黄褐土和蛭石等活性胶体氧化铁铝含量较多的中性基质,影响其磷素吸附净化效果的主导因素是其胶体氧化铁的含量,胶体氧化铁能促进基质吸附磷素效应,提高磷素净化能力.基质磷素饱和吸附后磷素释放实验也表明:除砂子基质磷素释放比例较高以外,其它基质磷素释放的比例很低,加强人工湿地基质的管理,上述人工湿地基质一般不会对水体环境造成二次污染.     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌对双底物的利用

氧化亚铁硫杆菌是脱硫领域的重要微生物之一。研究了在亚铁和含硫基质双底物存在的条件下,氧化亚铁硫杆菌对2种能源物质的利用情况,结果表明,Thiobacillus ferrooxidans在双底物利用过程中,铁氧化系统首先启动,随Fe2＋浓度的下降,硫氧化系统开始启动,之后两者协同作用;3种含硫基质的存在对Fe2＋的氧化有不同的影响,S对Fe2＋的氧化不产生抑制作用,而Na2S2O3和Na2SO3对Fe2＋的氧化有一定的抑制,尤其是Na2SO3的抑制作用更明显,亚铁完全氧化所需的时间更长。     

适宜处理分散性生活污水的人工湿地除磷填料的筛选及改性

为提高人工湿地除磷效能,从沸石、陶粒、萤石、膨胀蛭石、石灰石、麦饭石、火山岩、牡蛎壳、钢渣和废砖块这10种具有较高磷素饱和吸附量的填料中,筛选出钢渣、沸石和石灰石3种适宜处理分散性生活污水的人工湿地填料,并分别使用不同浓度梯度的酸(碱)、盐对3种填料进行改性,以增强其除磷能力。研究结果表明,钢渣、沸石和石灰石分别经2 mol/L AlCl3、2 mol/L NaOH及2 mol/L AlCl3、0.5 mol/L AlCl3溶液改性后,磷素吸附量达到最高值(0.272、0.0801和0.351 mg/g),而双常数方程能更好地描述优选填料对生活污水中磷的吸附动力学过程,综合考虑填料的吸附效果、成本及来源,改性石灰石是人工湿地处理分散性生活污水时较为理想的除磷填料;此外,填料经铝改后,氮磷吸附效果普遍优于其他改性条件,且Al-P有利于植物直接吸收利用,含铝废水来源广泛,故利用铝改液处理人工湿地填料具有较高的应用推广价值。     

DETRITUS ABUNDANCE AND BENTHIC INVERTEBRATE CATCH IN ARTIFICIAL SUBSTRATE SAMPLES FROM MOUNTAIN STREAMS1

ABSTRACT: Artificial substrates were designed using rock filled polyethylene bags which were perforated with holes. The substrates trapped waterborne sediment and detritus which enhanced microhabitat complexity. Colonization was compared in side-by-side tests with multiple plate samplers in mountain streams ranging from second to seventh order. After 41 days the bag samples contained more sediment and detritus and more animals than did multiple plates. Plastic bags exceeded multiple plate samples by a factor of nearly 8 for individuals and 1.5 for taxa expressed as numbers/sampler. Although detritus amounts differed significantly between samplers, catch composition was similar in habitat preference and functional groups. Most taxa were “lotic erosional” or “lotic erosional-depositional” detritivores. The plastic bags better represented the streambed fauna judged by their greater similarity to dip net samples. Bag samplers had 4.5 × the colonization area of multiple plates, hence would be expected to support more species. Catch/m² of colonization area was not significantly different between samplers. Functionally the plastic bags act as detritus retention devices, offering a diverse, highly dynamic microhabitat for colonization. Results are interpretable in terms of research on microdistribution of stream benthos and the river continuum model. This study supports the conclusion that stream benthos abundance and diversity are related to the amount of detritus. Maximum diversity and numbers of individuals occurred in samples from third and fourth order streams. Grazers reached peak abundances in the same streams where the continuum model predicts P>R Shredders reached maximum abundances in third and fourth order streams where the riparian canopy was greatest. Predator abundance changed little with stream size. Although bag samples required more sorting time, the samplers are catch effective, inexpensive, and adaptable.