广西贺州市典型矿区周边耕层土壤Cd通量特征

广西是我国西南部典型的地质高背景区,碳酸盐岩、黑色岩系、基性-超基性岩体与金属矿床（矿化体）强烈的风化成壤作用,使土壤重金属镉（Cd）含量高于全国其他地区.为了查明在地质高背景区矿业活动对耕层土壤环境质量的影响程度,在广西贺州市选取矿业活动影响区和对照区为研究区,系统开展了耕层土壤Cd输送途径及输送通量密度的对比研究.结果表明,在矿区和对照区耕层土壤中,Cd大气干湿沉降通量密度平均值分别为1.87 g·（hm²·a）^-1和1.52 g·（hm²·a）^-1,分别占总输入通量密度的61.5%和60.3%,施肥和灌溉输入土壤Cd通量密度较低;Cd的输出途径均以地表水下渗为主,分别占总输出通量密度的75.4%和86.6%,农作物收割输出通量密度矿区高于对照区,且矿区内种植的水稻籽实Cd含量超标率更高,玉米籽实则未超标.整体上,矿区与对照区土壤Cd净输送通量密度分别为-3.05 g·（hm²·a）^-1和-4.05 g·（hm²·a）^-1,表现为土壤Cd淋失状态,但大气干湿沉降输入通量密度高值点和水稻籽实Cd含量超标点均主要分布在矿区周围,有可能对当地居民健康造成潜在威胁,因此建议通过监控和种植结构调整对该区域Cd污染土壤进行治理.     

城-郊区域土壤铅(Pb)累积过程时空模拟:以中部某大城市为例

城-郊区域类型众多的高强度人类活动导致土壤Pb累积过程复杂、时空异质性高,使得揭示该类区域土壤Pb累积过程的时空变化特征十分困难.以国内中部某大城市典型城-郊区域为研究区,构建土壤Pb累积过程单元模型,基于土地利用分类和模拟结果,建立土壤Pb累积过程时空模拟方法,模拟研究区2013~2040年土壤Pb累积含量,阐明土壤Pb含量未来时空变化特征.结果表明,研究区2013年Pb含量平均值约为其所在省份表层Pb含量背景值的1.77倍,土壤Pb污染较重.2013~2040年Pb含量将持续增加,增加量较低（0.53~2.25 mg·kg^-1）的区域位于研究区西部、北部和南部,占总面积的25.46 %,增加量较高（3.98~5.70 mg·kg^-1）的区域位于其东部,占总面积的17.14 %.研究区东部林地面积的增加、水域和草地面积的减少导致了该区域土壤Pb含量较大幅度地上升;此外,土壤Pb含量的空间分布还同重要工厂和交通设施的分布高度相关.通过突破以往研究中将土地利用视为静态不变的局限,能够在一定程度上反映区域土地利用变化对重金属累积过程的影响,可为城-郊区域土壤Pb累积过程模拟提供方法,并为该城市城-郊区域土壤Pb污染管控提供依据.     

复合重金属胁迫对灯心草生长及其积累特性的影响

盆栽试验结果表明：Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、As5种重金属复合胁迫对灯心草地上部生长有一定程度的抑制作用,在土壤环境质量二级标准上限值处灯心草地上部生物量减产9．15％,小于10％,生长在矿毒水和铅锌尾矿污染土壤中的灯心草地上部生物量分别减产28．23％和37．1％,但地下部生物量减产趋势不明显。以地上部生物量为参考指标,可初步将土壤环境质量二级标准上限值拟设定为土壤中各重金属的临界毒性效应值。在Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、As复合胁迫条件下,各重金属在灯心草茎叶和根系中的积累和分布存在明显差异,且与土壤中各重金属含量间存在一定的相关性。     

Metal Concentrations in Fish Species from the Northeast Mediterranean Sea

Samples of Mugil cephalus and Mullus barbatus were collected in the Northeast Mediterranean coast of Turkey the contents of cadmium, copper, iron, zinc and lead in the liver, gill and muscle tissues were determined by atomic absorption flame spectrophotometry.Except for lead, highest levels of each metal were found in the liver and this was followed by the gill and muscle in both species. Among the metals analyzed, Cu, Zn and Fe were the most abundant in the different tissues while Cd and Pb were the least abundant both in M. cephalus and M. barbatus. Seasonal changes in metal (Cd, Cu, Pb, Fe and Zn) concentration were observed in the tissues of both species, but these seasonal variations may not influence consumption advisories. In general, the highest concentrations were detected for all metals in summer.     

Meter-scale variation within a single transect demands attention to taxon accumulation curves in riverine microbiome studies

● Riverine microbiomes exhibited hyperlocal variation within a single transect. ● Certain family-level taxa directionally associated with river center and bank. ● Taxon accumulation curves within a transect urges more nuanced sampling design. Microbial communities inhabiting river ecosystems play crucial roles in global biogeochemical cycling and pollution attenuation. Spatial variations in local microbial assemblages are important for detailed understanding of community assembly and developing robust biodiversity sampling strategies. Here, we intensely analyzed twenty water samples collected from a one-meter spaced transect from the near-shore to the near-center in the Meramec River in eastern Missouri, USA and examined the microbial community composition with 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Riverine microbiomes across the transect exhibited extremely high similarity, with Pearson’s correlation coefficients above 0.9 for all pairwise community composition comparisons. However, despite the high similarity, PERMANOVA revealed significant spatial differences between near-shore and near-center communities (p = 0.001). Sloan’s neutral model simulations revealed that within-transect community composition variation was largely explained by demographic stochasticity (R² = 0.89). Despite being primarily explained by neutral processes, LefSe analyses also revealed taxa from ten families of which relative abundances differed directionally from the bank to the river center, indicating an additional role of environmental filtering. Notably, the local variations within a river transect can have profound impacts on the documentation of alpha diversity. Taxon-accumulation curves indicated that even twenty samples did not fully saturate the sampling effort at the genus level, yet four, six and seven samples were able to capture 80% of the phylum-level, family-level, and genus-level diversity, respectively. This study for the first time reveals hyperlocal variations in riverine microbiomes and their assembly mechanisms, demanding attention to more robust sampling strategies for documenting microbial diversity in riverine systems.     

气相色谱法测定鱼组织中的久效磷

采用气相色谱法氮磷检测器测定鱼肉和内脏中的久效磷含量。鱼肉或内脏匀浆后，用正己烷洗涤，二氯甲烷提了，以内标法定量分析，方法简单，灵敏，准确。当取鱼组织0．5g时，方法检测限为0．002mg/kg，加标回收率为72．6％－83．3％，相对标准差在3．3％－7．0％之间。     

基于颗粒污泥的短程反硝化USB反应器启动和运行研究

在2个相同的USB反应器(R1无载体,R2采用多孔生物填料为载体)中构建了短程反硝化工艺,对R1和R2NO₃^--N→NO₂^--N转化性能、短程反硝化颗粒污泥物化特性、胞外聚合物(EPS)产生特性以及微生物功能菌群主要特征进行差异分析.结果表明,反应器运行81d,氮负荷(NLR)为1.2kg/(m³·d)时,NO₃^--N→NO₂^--N转化率(NTR) R2(85%)高于R1(80%);载体颗粒污泥(R2)沉降性能优于自固定化颗粒污泥(R1)且载体颗粒污泥(R2)更容易截留EPS,PN/PS值R1(1.29)>R2(1.15),污泥体积指数(SVI) R1(27.07mL/g MLSS)>R2(19.36mL/g MLSS);扫描电镜发现R1污泥表面聚集长杆菌,R2污泥表面聚集短杆菌和球菌,与R1相比R2颗粒污泥结构更加规则密实.微生物高通量测序结果表明,R2物种丰富度和多样性高于R1,变形菌门、拟杆菌门和绿弯菌门在短程反硝化系统中占主导地位,R1和R2主要NO₂^--N积累功能菌属均为Acinetobacter属(R1-59.18%、R2-46.04%)和Thauera属(R1-6.81%、R2-5.99%).     

黑色岩系地质高背景区土壤锌富集特征与环境活性

锌（Zn）既是生物体必需元素又是有害元素，在复合污染的情况下，Zn在植物吸收、转运和富集镉的过程中发挥着重要作用。以往研究主要关注镉的活性，忽略了Zn的环境活性。基于此，本研究以黑色岩系地质高背景区自然富Zn土壤为对象，重点研究了土壤Zn的活性态和潜在活性态，讨论了Zn活性的影响因素和环境意义。结果表明，研究区土壤Zn富集，平均含量可达457 mg/kg，80%的土壤样品超过我国农用地土壤污染风险筛选值。CaCl₂提取态Zn含量平均值为0.92 mg/kg，平均提取率仅为0.26%，说明研究区土壤Zn的生物活性低，且随着pH升高而降低。EDTA提取态Zn的平均含量为12.7 mg/kg，平均提取率为2.74%，潜在有效态比例也较低。活性态在潜在活性态中占比为7.63%，活化潜力较大，且随着土壤pH的升高而降低。研究区土壤溶液中Zn∶Cd比较低，可能有利于植物对镉的吸收。开展土壤Zn活性的研究，对理解复合污染区土壤镉的活性变化及调控具有重要意义。