河蚬在我国沉积物毒性评价与鉴定中的应用研究

河蚬作为原产并广泛分布于我国及东南亚的双壳类淡水软体动物,是我国众多水域的底栖优势种。河蚬对水体污染物具有较强累积能力,已成功用于水体沉积物生物富集及生物毒性效应研究。但应用于沉积物毒性鉴别评估(TIE)研究整体上仍处于起步阶段,尚未形成一套标准指标测定方法和技术体系。为此,本研究在调查底栖生物在我国沉积物毒性研究的基础上,以河蚬为主要研究对象,探讨其在我国生态分布等生物学背景,系统分析其对重金属和有机污染物的生物富集特征以及相关生物毒性效应方面的研究进展,以期为河蚬作为我国特色的沉积物毒性鉴别评估(TIE)受试生物提供参考依据。     

四溴双酚A对太平洋真宽水蚤的急性毒性及氧化胁迫

为了研究四溴双酚A(tetrabromobis-phenol A,TBBPA)对海洋桡足类的急性毒性和氧化胁迫效应,以太平洋真宽水蚤为受试生物,测定了TBBPA对其96 h急性毒性和对其体内抗氧化防御系统的影响。结果表明,TBBPA对太平洋真宽水蚤的96 h半数致死浓度(96 h-LC50)为178μg·L~(-1),95%可信区间为91~306μg·L~(-1),表现为极毒。亚致死浓度下,TBBPA能够不同程度影响太平洋真宽水蚤的抗氧化防御酶活力以及非酶物质含量。其中SOD和GST活性的变化趋势较为一致,暴露初期SOD和GST活性显著上升(P0.05),随暴露时间延长酶活性有所下降,最终趋向对照组水平;GPx活性水平始终维持在对照组以上并且差异显著(P0.05);暴露初期,GSH含量受轻微氧化压力而轻微升高,暴露48 h后GSH含量急剧下降并显著低于对照组(P0.05)。太平洋真宽水蚤体内SOD、GST、GPx活性和GSH含量对TBBPA暴露均十分敏感,能够为海洋环境的TBBPA监测提供生化指标参考。     

Assessment of heavy metals in a soil contaminated by oil spill: a case study in Nigeria

Surface and subsurface soil samples contaminated with crude oils were collected from an impacted site at Bodo City in the Niger Delta, Nigeria, after a field reconnaissance survey. An uncontaminated soil sample collected 100 m from the impacted site, but within the same geographical area, was used as a control. Trace elements such as, As, Cu, Cr, Cd, Fe, Pb, Ba, Ni, V, Hg and cation-exchange capacity constituents of the contaminated and uncontaminated soils were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Trace element concentrations were: Cu, 0.5–13.4 mg kg^{? 1}; Cr, 0.2–0.8 mg kg^{? 1}; Fe, 6.2–8.7 mg kg^{? 1}; Ba 80.0–108.0 mg kg^{? 1}; Ni, 0.6–4.8 mg kg^{? 1}; and V, 4.0–9.4 mg kg^{? 1}; cation-exchange capacity ranged from 43.6 to 57.2 mg kg^{? 1} in surface and subsurface soils. Results showed that eigenvalues for the two first principal components represent up to 49% of the total variance. A positive correlation of the first principal component with Cu, Cr and cation-exchange capacity shows pollution from oil spillage, while a positive correlation of the second principal component with Cr, Fe, V, and dissolved oxygen (DO) shows both oil pollution and allochthonous inputs.     

Selection of Bioindicators of Pollution for Marine Monitoring Programmes

The ultimate management concerns related to toxic chemicals in the marine environment are for the magnitude and extent of biological effects, including those on human health, that may result. Over the past several years, the National Status and Trends (NS&T) Program of the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has supported the development and application of a number of bioeffects measurements, including biochemical indicators of contaminant exposure and of reproductive status in fish, prevalence of histopathological lesions, toxicity bioassays of sediments and water, and benthic community structural features. Some of these measurements have been applied as part of regular sampling at the nationwide network of NS&T sites, while others have been assessed in more intensive, regional studies. Our experience with different indicators is summarized and discussed in relation to a set of monitoring objectives and evaluation criteria. Current conclusions are: (a) iterative application of controlled laboratory experiments and field validation tests are required to verify causality and mechanisms of biological responses to contaminants; (b) contaminant concentrations, indicator species, and local conditions vary considerably in different areas and at different times, requiring the use of different effects measurements oriented toward specific objectives and hypotheses; and (c) tiered, sequential application of a mix of indicators, including direct measurements on indigenous organisms and indirect bioassay approaches, is useful and effective for estimating the magnitude and spatial extent of contaminant bioeffects.     

纳米氧化镍对3种绿藻的毒性效应

通过配制不同浓度(0,60,120,180,240,300mg/L)纳米氧化镍(nNiO)悬浊液,对四尾栅藻(Scenedesmus quadricauda)、普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)和羊角月牙藻(Selenastrum capricornutum)进行连续胁迫10d的毒性试验,测定nNiO对3种绿藻生长状况、叶绿素a、蛋白质、脂质过氧化物丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的影响.结果表明,nNiO胁迫对四尾栅藻、普通小球藻和羊角月牙藻的生长均有一定抑制作用,在同一时间段内,总体呈明显剂量效应;nNiO低浓度(60~120mg/L)胁迫对供试藻的影响表现为“抑制—促进—抑制”,在一定时间内对供试藻有促进生长的作用;nNiO胁迫对四尾栅藻、普通小球藻和羊角月牙藻的毒性效应表现为叶绿素a和蛋白质含量减少,MDA含量升高,抗氧化活性降低;羊角月牙藻对nNiO的耐受性较强,四尾栅藻和普通小球藻较敏感.     

北京市石景山区夏季雨水和大气中PCBs的特征解析

利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)对北京市石景山城区夏季雨水和大气中多氯联苯(PCBs)的分布特征进行了解析.结果表明,雨水中主要为溶解态PCBs,比例高达65.23%.大气中的PCBs以气态为主,占67.70%.研究表明,雨水对大气中颗粒态和气态PCBs的清除系数相当,分别为6.00×104和5.37×104.8种类二 PCBs同类物的毒性当量总和在大气气相、颗粒相和雨水中分别为0.36pg/m3、0.02pg/m3和0.29ng/L.北京石景山地区8种类二 PCBs同类物对成人呼吸暴露值为0.08pg/(kg·d),说明北京石景山地区人群呼吸暴露风险比较低.     

北京地区二噁英类的环境多介质迁移和归趋模拟

以二噁英类为研究对象,利用LevelⅢ多介质逸度模型模拟计算了稳态假设下二噁英类在北京地区空气相、水相、土壤相和沉积物相中的浓度分布及各相间的迁移通量.结果表明:二噁英类在空气和土壤相中的模拟输出浓度(以I-TEQ计,全文同)范围分别为0.32～0.34 pg/m3和0.33～1.14 ng/kg,而相应环境相中的实测值分别为0.33 pg/m3和1.48 ng/kg,二者吻合较好,验证了该模型在北京地区的适用性;北京地区二噁英类的主要迁移过程为空气相—土相沉降和空气相—水相沉降.土壤和大气降解是二噁英类的主要消亡途径,二者占总降解量的99.1%.土壤相是二噁英类的最大储库,其占总量的97.8%.      

水体甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯对斑马鱼的毒性效应

以斑马鱼(Brachydanio rerio)为实验生物,采用半静态实验方法,研究了甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯的水生生态毒性效应.研究表明,水体中甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯对斑马鱼96h半致死浓度LC50分别为77.5、31.0和34.8mg·L-1,根据化学物质对鱼类毒性分级标准,3种物质均属中等毒性,其毒性大小顺序为:乙苯>二甲苯>甲苯.在最高暴露浓度下,斑马鱼均出现了剧烈、无序游动,并伴有抽搐等现象,其中暴露在甲苯中的斑马鱼行为改变更为严重.分析认为,3种物质对斑马鱼毒性大小与疏/亲水性有关,疏水性越强,对水生生物的毒性作用越大.     

蚊香燃烧过程中多环芳烃的排放特征

对3种类型蚊香(有烟蚊香、微烟蚊香和无烟蚊香)原料、灰烬及烟气样品经索式提取、K-D浓缩和硅胶层析纯化后,采用GC-MS分析其US EPA推荐的16种优控多环芳烃的含量.结果表明,有烟蚊香和微烟蚊香烟气中多环劳烃总含量高于原料中的含量,无烟蚊香则相反.有烟蚊香和微烟蚊香原料以3环和4环多环芳烃为主,无烟蚊香原料以2环和3环多环芳烃为主,3种类型蚊香灰烬和烟气中多环芳烃均以2环、3环和4环化合物为主.通过对比蚊香燃烧前、后样品中多环芳烃的毒性,发现同原料相比,有烟蚊香燃烧后烟气中多环芳烃的毒性显著增加,而微烟蚊香和无烟蚊香则明显减少.     

邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）对斑马鱼（Brachydanio rerio）生理生化特性的影响

为了研究邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)对水生生物的毒性效应,将斑马鱼(Brachydanio rerio)暴露于DBP5个浓度组中96h急性染毒,测得其半致死浓度(96h-LC50)为8.51mg·L-1,从而得出其安全浓度为0.85mg·L-1.在此基础上,等对数浓度差设置4个质量浓度0.38、0.85、1.90、4.25mg·L-1进行20d慢性染毒,期间每5d测定斑马鱼的体重、肝重和鳃重,同时测定斑马鱼肝脏、鳃中SOD酶和ATPase活性.结果表明,斑马鱼比肝重总体随DBP浓度的增加和暴露时间的延长而升高(p<0.01),而比鳃重总体变化不大.随DBP浓度增大和暴露时间延长,斑马鱼肝脏、鳃中SOD酶和ATPase活性均显著受到抑制(p<0.01).