降低CO2排放的新方法

宾西法尼亚州立大学的研究者提出了一种新方案，可以将发电厂烟道气中的二氧化碳有效转化和利用。     

滴滴涕在我国典型POPs污染场地中的空间分布研究

在多年生产滴滴涕(DDT)的企业厂区内及周围布设采样点,采取不同深度的土壤进行分析,研究了POPs污染场地中DDT的空间分布规律.结果表明,生产厂区污染严重,在土壤表层,生产车间周围DDT的含量高达104mg·kg-1以上,离车间边界300m远处仍能检测到DDT,污染扩散范围与风向呈现一定相关性;在土壤深层,浓度随深度增加迅速降低,含量梯度变化最大为0.2～3m,3m以下土壤中浓度较小,10m深处浓度最高不超过8.89mg·kg-1.DDT的降解产物DDD和DDE在各个采样点均能检出,其降解率与含水率没有相关性.不同类型土壤中DDT的降解率存在很大差异,降解程度为粉砂(或粉土)＞黏土(或粉质黏土)＞杂填土.深层土壤中降解为DDD较为明显.(DDD DDE)/DDT比值显示,土壤中DDT为新输入的.     

椭圆盒形拉延件合理毛坯的研究

利用保角变换由圆筒件拉延凸缘区的对数螺线推出椭圆盒形拉延件的滑移线方程 ,理论证明所求场满足边界条件和正交特性 ,并且与数值积分法的计算结果相当接近 ,最后给出了椭圆盒形拉延件合理毛坯的确定方法     

底物含氮量对厨余堆肥氮素转化及其损失的影响研究

采用静态好氧工艺研究了含氮量分别为32.4 g·kg-1、45.3 g·kg-1和58.2g·kg-1的厨余垃圾(N0、N1、N2)与木屑混合堆制时,堆肥过程中不同形态氮的转化及其氮损失规律.结果表明,堆肥中堆体全氮含量呈先升后降趋势,部分有机氮转化为铵氮导致堆体pH升高,在通风和高温的联合作用下,NH3挥发出堆体造成一定的氮损失.随着底物含氮量的增加,NH3挥发速率和氮损失率均呈上升趋势.堆肥结束时N0、N1、N2的堆体全氮含量分别下降了16.4%、26.3%和21.7%,NH3累计挥发量分别为7.0 g·kg-1、9.8 g·kg-1和29.4 g·kg-1,堆肥氮损失率分别为35.0%、49.9%和53.0%.NH3挥发主要集中在高温阶段的中后期,是厨余堆肥氮损失的主要原因.     

考虑指标协调性的湖泊富营养化评价模型

湖泊富营养化程度评价标准中同一评价指标的分级界点值差异很大,近似地呈现指数变化.基于该认识,提出了1个基于指标协调性的湖泊富营养化综合评价模型.对评价标准及待评湖泊监测值进行对数变换,改善了评价指标值的协调性,降低了评价系统的非线性化程度;在定义待评湖泊各监测指标与富营养化标准各级别之间距离测度的基础上,按评价指标协调性要求构造评价函数;鉴于评价标准为区问教的实际情况,采用区间数计算待评湖泊与各级标准的相对距离测度,并按距离测度值的大小进行湖泊富营养化状态分类.该模型建模思路清晰,物理意义明确,计算过程简捷,一组由5个湖泊组成的富营养化综合评价案例计算结果表明,评价结果符合实际.     

The Threat of Transformation: Quantifying the Vulnerability of Grasslands in South Africa

Abstract:  The ability to predict which areas of conservation importance are most vulnerable to transformation and to rank the relative damage that transforming land uses could cause to biodiversity are important components of an effective and realistic conservation planning process. We used the South African grassland biome as a case study to illustrate the assessment of vulnerability to land-use transformation through the construction of a "threat map." We identified the dominant transforming land uses and created suitability models based on area appropriateness for each. Land uses were scored according to their expected relative impacts on biodiversity, with a framework that included compositional, structural, and functional components. This information, once combined, resulted in a map that highlighted the areas most vulnerable to transformation in terms of the likelihood of their transformation and the impact on their biodiversity. We propose that such an analysis of the threat of transformation, in combination with species-representation approaches, will aid the integration of conservation planning theory and decision making. This approach can be applied at any scale and in any region with a robustness and accuracy dependent on data quality, resultant suitability models, and comprehension of how land uses affect an area's biodiversity.     

砷在三种紫色土中的化学行为及其与作物效应的关系

通过水稻在不同砷浓度处理过的三种紫色土的盆栽试验,研究了砷的吸附特征,形态变化及其与砷的作物效应的关系,揭示了砷在不同土壤中对水稻毒害和在水稻体内累积程度不一样的原因是由于不同土壤的性质影响到砷的吸附和形态变化。其中砷在土壤中的形态变化是最重要的因素之一。在诸形态中,以A-As和Ca-As最为重要。土壤的碳酸盐体系可能是影响三种紫色土砷的化学行为及其生态效应的一个重要因素。     

产业转型的生态系统工程

在产业结构调整、优化过程中 ,必须从观念、管理和技术 3个层次上 ,加快传统产业改造、转型、升级及新兴产业发展 ,大力推进产业生态转型和建立生态产业。结合大量案例 ,论述了发展生态产业的原则和策略 ,主要有 :以市场为导向 ,生态与整体最优 ,竞争、共生、自生、再生相结合 ,减量化、再利用、资源化的循环经济 3原则 ,发挥区域优势 ,加强结构与功能的弹性和自我调节 ,硬件、软件和心件的耦合 ,创造更多就业机会     

Design parameters for coastal dikes

This paper presents results of the assessment of the design parameters leading to the definition of the crest level of a coastal dike along the German North Sea. Procedures to estimate the design water level have been proposed, distinguishing between comparative and single value procedures. The transformation of the wave characteristics from deep water towards the shallow foreshore was achieved through the application of a spectral wave model. To improve the wave parameter estimations, the existing model was nested to a grid with a higher resolution closer to the coast. The estimation of the wave run-up followed the Dutch procedure with some adjustments to the local wave characteristics and dike geometry. The computed maximum crest level of 8.4 m is below the crest height of the existing dike, which is 8.8 m. However a proposal for a more economical design should be carefully evaluated, paying attention to the uncertainties encountered in this research. The general recommendation is to enhance the reliability of the hindcasted wave parameters through calibration and validation of the wave model and to include in the design process an investigation of the effect of the medium term morphological developments.     

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Nicotiana attenuata, a model ecological expression system

Summary. Research into the genetic basis of the ecological sophistication of plants is hampered by the availability of transformable systems with a wealth of well-described ecological interactions. We present an Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system for the model ecological expression system, Nicotiana attenuata, a native tobacco that occupies the post-fire niche in the Great Basin Desert of North America. We describe a transformation vector and a transformation procedure that differs from the standard cultivated tobacco transformation protocols in its use of selectable markers, explants, media and cultivation conditions. We illustrate its utility in the transformations with genes coding for key enzymes in the oxylipin cascade (lipoxygenase, allene oxide synthase, hydroperoxide lyase) in antisense orientations and present high-throughput screens useful for the detection of altered phenotypes for the oxylipin cascade (green leaf volatiles and jasmonic acid after wounding). Received 14 March 2002; accepted 10 May 2002