Assays of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds in actually contaminated soils using transgenic tobacco plants carrying a recombinant mouse aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated β-glucuronidase reporter gene expression system

The transgenic tobacco plant XD4V-26 carrying the recombinant mouse aryl hydrocarbon receptor XD4V-mediated β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene expression system was used for assay of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds consisting of polychlorinated dibenzeno-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (Co-PCBs) in actually contaminated soils. The transgenic tobacco plant XD4V-26 showed a significant dose-dependent induced GUS activity when cultured on MS medium containing PCB126 [toxic equivalency factor (TEF) = 0.1]. In contrast, PCB169 and PCB180, which have 0.03 of TEF and unassigned TEF values, respectively, did not significantly induce GUS activity under the same conditions as with PCB126. When the tobacco plants were cultivated for up to 5 weeks on actually contaminated soils with dioxins and dioxin-like compounds collected from the periphery of an incinerator used for disposal of residential and industrial wastes, GUS activity in the leaves was dose-dependently increased. The plants clearly detected 360 pg-TEQ g^?1 of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds in this assay. There was a positive correlation between GUS activity and TEQ value of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds in the plants. This assay does not require any extraction and purification processes for the actually contaminated soil samples.     

明胶生产污水处理工艺探讨

明胶生产污水由于其污泥量极高且污泥本身的特点,所以处理技术一直是一大难题。本文以青海明胶股份有限公司污水处理工程的成功实例,探讨了高SS污泥处理的问题,以及在高海拔高寒地区冬季的明胶污水生化处理问题。     

植物13C标记对生物质炭理化性质的影响

研究了未标记和¹³C脉冲标记的水稻和杨树在不同温度下制备得到的生物质炭理化性质的差异.以水稻和杨树为原料,进行¹³C脉冲标记,分别在300℃和500℃下裂解,得到8种不同的生物质炭,即300℃和500℃未标记水稻生物质炭、300℃和500℃¹³C标记水稻生物质炭、300℃和500℃未标记杨树生物质炭及300℃和500℃¹³C标记杨树生物质炭,分析植物¹³C标记、裂解温度和原料对生物质炭主要理化性质的影响.结果表明,植物¹³C标记后,制备得到的生物质炭TC含量降低,固定碳含量增加,水稻生物质炭的NO₃^--N含量增加.随着裂解温度从300℃升高到500℃,¹³C标记生物质炭的灰分、pH、固定碳含量增加,DOC、TN和NH₄⁺-N含量减少,C/N有所增加.三因素方差分析表明,制备原料是影响生物质炭的灰分、TC和固定碳含量的最重要因素,对变异的解释程度分别...     

Ability of Poplar (Populus spp.) to Detoxify Chloroacetanilide Herbicides

The ability of poplar trees to resist chemical stress caused by chloroacetanilide herbicides was studied. Detached leaves of Lombardy poplar (Populus nigra L.) were exposed to seven chloroacetanilide herbicides via uptake through the cut petiole. The leaves showed high tolerance against the phytotoxicity of these compounds. Their tolerance was further enhanced by treatment with 2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (OTC, a precursor of the amino acid cysteine). High levels of glutathione (GSH) and GSH S-transferase (GST) activity were detected in poplar leaves. Treatments with chloroacetanilide herbicides left the GSH content in the leaves unchanged but strongly induced the GST activity. In contrast, in OTC-treated leaves increased GSH contents were measured, but GST activities remained unchanged. It therefore appears that a highly active and inducible GSH-conjugation Phase II detoxification system in their leaves may make poplar trees useful for phytoremediation of soils contaminated with chloroacetanilide herbicides. Based on these findings a phytoremediation project using different poplar hybrids at a site heavily polluted with such compounds in Hungary has been launched.     

转WYMV-Nib8基因抗黄花叶病小麦花粉漂移研究

随着转基因作物的大规模商业化种植,转基因作物的花粉漂移所引起的生物安全问题倍受关注.以抗小麦黄花叶病毒(WYMV)转基因冬小麦品种N12-1为花粉供体材料,连续2 a在江苏省徐州市转基因作物环境安全实验基地进行可控的农田试验.为了研究风向对转基因小麦花粉漂移的影响,采用同心圆设计,在花粉供体周围8个方向不同距离处检测小麦花粉密度,结果显示8个方向上转基因小麦花粉密度均随与花粉源距离的增加而显著下降,但不同方向小麦花粉密度的衰减速率有显著差异,下风向转基因小麦花粉密度的衰减速率相对较慢.同时,为了研究花粉源大小对转基因小麦花粉漂移的影响,平行设置2块不同面积(100和400 m2)的花粉源,在其下风向检测小麦花粉密度,结果显示花粉源面积增大可以在一定范围内减缓转基因小麦花粉密度的衰减速率.研究结果表明,风向、风速和距离是影响转基因小麦花粉漂移的主要因素.     

The Moral Considerability of Invasive Transgenic Animals

The term moral considerability refers to the question of whether a being or set of beings is worthy of moral consideration. Moral considerability is most readily afforded to those beings that demonstrate the clearest relationship to rational humans, though many have also argued for and against the moral considerability of species, ecosystems, and “lesser” animals. Among these arguments there are at least two positions: “environmentalist” positions that tend to emphasize the systemic relations between species, and “liberationist” positions that tend to emphasize the attributes or welfare of a particular individual organism. Already, this classic conflict provides for some challenging theoretical clashes between environmentalists and animal liberationists. The question of moral considerability is complicated, however, by recent developments in genetic engineering. Some animals, like pigs and fish, have been genetically modified by humans to grow organs that can then be transplanted into humans. If environmental arguments for the moral consideration of species are correct, then we are released from our obligations to morally consider those animals that we have genetically modified, since they are by their nature always an “invader species.” If, instead, the welfare of the animal is of penultimate importance, then there is a case for strengthening the moral considerability of GM animals over “naturally-occurring” animals, since they bear a closer relationship to humans. This would appear to be an intractable problem, a “bad marriage,” as Mark Sagoff once proposed. This paper argues that the case of invasive transgenic animals exposes weaknesses in this classic conflict, and particularly, in the framing of this conflict. To remedy this framing problem, this paper argues for a reconceptualization of the term “moral considerability,” instead urging a strong distinction between moral considerability, moral relevance, and moral significance.     

转基因抗虫水稻生态安全性研究进展

我国转基因抗虫水稻的商业化种植已成为国内外广泛关注的热点问题.本文系统综述了转基因抗虫水稻的遗传转化、基因漂流、靶标害虫的抗性风险、对非靶标生物和稻田节肢动物群落的影响以及B t杀虫蛋白在土壤中的残留等方面的研究进展.现有研究表明,B t水稻对二化螟、三化螟和稻纵卷叶螟等主要靶标害虫具有较高的抗性水平,对稻飞虱、叶蝉、捕食性天敌等非靶标生物的生长发育和稻田节肢动物群落的稳定性无明显影响.靶标害虫的抗性和转基因水稻与杂草稻、野生稻之间的基因漂移风险是转基因抗虫水稻商业化种植的主要环境安全问题.参60     

表达马铃薯Y病毒外壳蛋白基因的转基因烟草抗病机制

根据已报道的马铃薯Y病毒坏死株系(PVY^N)核苷酸序列，克隆了PVY^N外壳蛋白(CP)基因，通过根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)LBA4404介导的方法，转化烟草NC89，获得了38株PCR呈阳性的转基因植株．攻毒试验发现，转基因植株对PVY^N的抗性水平存在着差异，其中有4株表现为高度抗病性．Southern blot表明，PVY^N CP基因已经整合到烟草染色体中，转基因的拷贝数与植株的抗病性成正相关．Northern blot表明，PVY^N CP基因在RNA水平上得到了表达，而且PVY^N CP RNA在细胞中的积累量与转基因植株的抗病性呈明显的负相关．Western blot表明，高度抗病植株未检测到转基因CP蛋白质，而抗病和感病植株都检测到了PVY^N CP蛋白，且不同抗性的转基因植物中转基因蛋白质的积累有一定的差异．实验结果表明，表达PVY^N CP基因的转基因烟草其抗病机制类似于转录后的基因沉默，即抗病件可能是RNA介导的．     

转基因烟草中赖氨酸含量的提高

采用叶盘法将高赖氨酸蛋白基因导入到烟草中.GUS组织化学染色、PCR扩增、Southernblot分析表明, 该基因已经整合到烟草基因组中.测定 10株转基因烟草叶片赖氨酸含量,大部分植株有着明显的提高,最高幅度达到了49. 89%. 图 6参 11     

转基因作物对土壤生物的影响

综述了转基因作物根系分泌物和转基因作物残茬对土壤微生物和土壤动物的影响,主要表现在3方面:(1)对某些微生物和土壤动物有毒害作用;(2)为特定的微生物和土壤生物提供营养;(3)对土壤生物可能产生长期累积影响,但对此尚无定论。