不同作物对外源硒动态吸收、转运的差异及其机制

查明作物硒吸收、转运随生育期的动态变化,有助于更好地了解硒在土壤-植物系统中的迁移进而对其有效性进行调控.本文采用盆栽试验,研究了6种不同作物在8周生长期内对外源硒酸盐和亚硒酸盐的动态吸收和转运差异及可能机制.结果表明,作物对硒酸盐和亚硒酸盐的动态吸收规律显著不同.硒酸盐处理作物地上部和根部硒含量从种植3周后持续下降;而亚硒酸盐处理作物根部硒含量随生长逐步上升,地上部硒含量随生长呈先上升后平稳或下降的趋势.两种硒处理在整个作物生长期内都有硒的累积,但植物体内80%的硒源于前6周的吸收.6种作物相比,硒酸盐处理芥菜地上部和根部硒含量最高,小麦地上部次之,亚硒酸盐处理,胡萝卜地上部硒含量最高,地下硒含量最小,而相同硒处理菜薹、紫甘蓝和绿菜花地上部和根部硒含量相近.绿菜花、紫甘蓝、菜薹、芥菜和小麦对硒酸盐的转运明显高于亚硒酸盐,胡萝卜对两种硒的转运能力相当.生物稀释作用影响作物硒含量的动态变化,尤以硒酸盐处理最为明显,供试植物硒含量与其干重呈显著负相关,但生物量改变引起的稀释作用并不能解释其对两种价态硒截然相反的吸收规律.进一步分析发现,硒酸盐处理6种作物硒累积量与作物生长期土壤有效硒改变量呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,但亚硒酸盐处理却未发现此结果;6种作物硒累积量仅占亚硒酸盐处理土壤有效硒的0.5%~18.1%,而硒酸盐处理除胡萝卜外5种作物硒累积总量为土壤有效硒量的1.1~4.5倍,由此可见,作物对外源硒酸盐和亚硒酸盐动态吸收的差异是作物硒吸收和转运能力、土壤供硒能力及生物稀释综合作用的结果,在作物硒的强化中应该综合考虑.     

复合改良剂对Cd污染稻田早晚稻产地修复效果

选取湖南省长沙市北山镇某中重度Cd污染稻田,连续种植早晚两季水稻,研究复合改良剂(石灰石+硅藻土+硫酸铁)对稻田土壤重金属Cd的生物有效性和水稻各部位累积Cd的影响.结果表明,施用复合改良剂提高了早、晚稻土壤pH值、CEC值,降低了早稻土壤中有机质含量(OM值).Cd的TCLP提取态与交换态Cd含量分别降低了18.0%~33.0%、5.4%~57.9%,但对晚稻土壤中Cd的2种提取态含量与OM值影响不显著.施用复合改良剂显著降低早稻糙米、谷壳、茎叶、根系中的Cd含量,分别降低了29.6%~56.1%、52.1%~54.0%、18.1%~80.7%、24.4%~41.6%.早稻与晚稻之间对Cd的转运能力呈现明显差异,Cd在晚稻植株体内的转运过程更为通畅.晚稻除谷壳中的Cd含量在2 g·kg~(-1)的添加量下有所上升外,复合改良剂对水稻各部位Cd含量影响不显著(P0.05).糙米中Cd含量与土壤中TCLP可提取态含量和Cd的交换态含量存在显著正相关关系.复合改良剂有效地抑制了早稻植株对土壤中Cd的吸收,糙米中的Cd含量显著降低;晚稻期间复合改良剂随水分流失,不能持续地固化土壤中的Cd,建议在各季稻之间补加一次.     

三元土壤调理剂对田间水稻镉砷累积转运的影响

通过镉砷复合污染稻田的土壤调理剂原位治理,研究了三元土壤调理剂QFJ（羟基磷灰石+沸石+改性秸秆炭）对稻田土壤基本理化性质和水稻各部位镉砷累积转运的影响.结果表明,在土壤Cd总量3.58 mg·kg^-1,As总量124.79 mg·kg^-1污染程度下,施用QFJ后,水稻根际土壤pH值、阳离子交换量及有机质含量有增大的趋势;土壤交换态Cd和As含量可分别从0.37 mg·kg^-1、0.07 mg·kg^-1下降到0.12 mg·kg^-1、0.04 mg·kg^-1.QFJ的施用,可有效降低水稻各部位中Cd和As含量,在9.00 t·hm^-2施用量水平,可将糙米中Cd含量从0.46 mg·kg^-1下降到0.18 mg·kg^-1,无机As含量从0.25 mg·kg^-1降低到0.16 mg·kg^-1,同时低于国家食品污染物限量标准0.2 mg·kg^-1的要求,实现水稻安全生产.施用QFJ减少了水稻根系对Cd和As的富集,降低了水稻植株将Cd从地下部转运到地上部的能力,降低了根系转运Cd的能力以及茎叶、谷壳转运As的能力.     

秸秆还田对水稻镉积累及其亚细胞分布的影响

镉(Cd)是人类一级致癌物,大米食用是以大米为主食人群摄入Cd的主要途径.秸秆还田是秸秆处理中主要方式,在Cd污染稻田被广泛应用,其对水稻Cd吸收及水稻体内Cd的分布产生的影响不可忽视.本研究选用Cd水稻土,通过盆栽和大田试验分析了不同的秸秆还田用量(0.0%、1.0%、2.5%和5.0%)对Cd的亚细胞分布以及在水稻籽粒中积累的影响.结果表明水稻根细胞中的Cd主要分布在细胞壁中,占总Cd的86%~95%,茎叶细胞的细胞壁与可溶部分中的Cd含量相当,分别占总Cd的30%~51%和35%~61%.秸秆按1%和2.5%比例还田能显著提高根中Cd含量,以及细胞壁中Cd含量及其分配比例,并降低水稻体内Cd由根向茎叶转运;但5%的秸秆还田,分蘖期根中Cd含量和细胞壁中Cd含量显著降低,Cd由根向茎叶转运系数提高,灌浆期的根中Cd含量和细胞壁中Cd含量均显著提高,转运系数没有显著变化.大田试验前茬的水稻秸秆和油菜秸秆中Cd含量均较高,分别是0.49 mg·kg~(-1)和0.67 mg·kg~(-1);油菜秸秆单独还田或与石灰一起还田均没有显著影响水稻糙米或秸秆中Cd的积累;水稻秸秆单独还田也没有显著改变水稻糙米或秸秆中Cd的积累,但与石灰一起还田时能显著降低糙米和秸秆中的Cd积累;生物炭添加能显著降低水稻体内的Cd积累,且与石灰一起添加降Cd效果更显著.因此,当用Cd污染稻田前茬所产水稻秸秆还田时,建议与石灰一起添加可达到显著降Cd的效果.该研究将为Cd污染稻田的水稻安全生产与秸秆循环利用提供理论与实践指导.     

“不谴责”安全文化的机理与运用

安全生产的形势正在实现持续好转,但因人员违章和不安全行为引发的事故仍未根本杜绝,人因问题成为当今安全管理和文化建设研究一项十分重要的课题。通过行为安全研究和管理体系分析表明,规章制度的完整性、有效性、可操作性及员工的接受能力等因素,都将影响到员工遵章程度和安全行为。不加区分对待和从管理的深层次剖析,对违章和不安全行为一律强调和执行严厉处罚的纪律处理,并不能很好的解决人员违章问题。本文通过对人员行为安全、规章制度建设和管理体系的全面分析,阐述了＂不谴责＂安全文化建设的工作原理,针对不同的安全管理阶段和工作实际,提出了推行基于＂公平和公正＂这一＂不谴责＂安全文化的具体对策,对解决企业当前安全管理工作中所遇到的一些问题,有一定的指导意义。     

典型娱乐场所火灾期间人员行为分析

建筑火灾的频发,引起人们对火灾过程中人员行为的极大关注。利用视频信息提取典型公共娱乐场所火灾过程中不同人员在火灾迹象觉察和确认时间的差异,又结合FDS模拟得到的火灾温度场变化规律,分析了人员在火灾期间的不同行为表现以及相应的非理性心理状态,指出了相关的主客观原因,有利于加强人们的火灾灾害意识和安全逃生意识;同时文中的相关结论也可以为建筑物消防性能化设计、人员安全疏散提供参考。     

太白山旅游者行为研究——从博客分析视角

利用百度、Google等搜索引擎得到关于太白山的游记100篇,采用文本分析方法分析了太白山游客的行为特征.结果表明,猎奇探险是太白山游客的旅游动机,游客出游时间大部分集中在每年的5月和10月,5人同行登山的最多,网络联系组团的比率很高,太白山游客偏好于徒步行,大多数游客选择厚畛子上山、汤峪下山这一条路线.     

The utility of Pinus sylvestris L. in dendrochemical investigations: pollution impact of lead mining and smelting in Darley Dale, Derbyshire, UK

This research investigates atmospheric pollution from an isolated and increasingly productive lead-smelting site by examining the dendrochemistry of Pinus sylvestris growing in the local environment and at control sites. Tree increment cores and soil in the rooting environment were analysed for lead content. Inter-site comparisons of lead-in-soil suggest that contamination of the soil may be a less important pathway for lead inclusion within wood than pathways via bark or needles. Levels of lead-in-wood (up to 38mgkg(-1)) are at the upper end of those previously reported. There is evidence of radial translocation of lead towards the heartwood and variability in intra-site dendrochemical records. Mean site lead-in-wood records can however be related to a well-documented pollution chronology and also suggest the importance of local topography in the dispersal and deposition of particulate lead. This study demonstrates that P. sylvestris can be used to estimate the scale and timing of past pollution episodes in similar environmental contexts to those investigated at Darley Dale, where precisely dated pollution chronologies are lacking.     

Individual-Oriented and Neighborhood Protecting Health Actions: The Critical Role of Environmental Education Seeking Behavior

A relationship between individual health-oriented actions and neighborhood civic activities is proposed, as is a relationship between these behaviors and a personality that seeks information from multiple sources. The proposed relationship was tested with a sample of 367 residents of New Jersey, USA. Respondents who had their eyes examined and screening tests for chronic diseases, and engaged in other individually oriented health-protecting behaviors were also more likely to have engaged in neighborhood civic activities, such as calling on elected officials and participating in neighborhood functions. As expected, specific personality attributes were associated with both sets of health-protecting activities, including outreach to multiple sources for information and help, a strong sense of efficacy, and trust of authority and neighbors. The relationship between personality and health-protecting behaviors was confounded by age and formal education. However, the relationship with personality measures persisted after controlling for age and education. The shortcomings of the research are reviewed, and implications of these observations for building a broader theory that links environmental education to civic engagement and individual health-protecting behaviors are discussed.     

Challenges to Introducing and Managing Disturbance Regimes for Holocarpha macradenia, an Endangered Annual Grassland Forb

Abstract:  Introducing rare plants to new sites for conservation to offset effects of habitat destruction requires detailed knowledge of habitat requirements, plant demography, and management needs. We conducted a factorial experiment replicated at three coastal prairie sites to test the effects of clipping frequency and litter accumulation on seed germination, seedling survival, reproduction, and seedling recruitment of introduced populations of the endangered, tall-stature, annual forb, Holocarpha macradenia (DC.) E. Greene. Clipping favored H. macradenia , primarily by enhancing seed germination and flower production. Litter accumulation had no effect on seed germination, even after 5 years of treatments. Seedling recruitment was highly site specific with large numbers of recruits recorded at only one of three sites. Although recruitment of seedlings was higher in clipped plots for 2–3 years, by 4–5 years after introduction very few seedlings survived to reproduction in any treatment. We attribute this result to a combination of poor habitat quality, small population size, and lack of a seed bank. We were unsuccessful in introducing this relatively well-studied species of concern to apparently suitable habitat at multiple sites in multiple years, which suggests that translocating rare plant populations to mitigate for habitat destruction is an expensive and highly uncertain endeavor.