不同改良剂对微碱性土壤镉形态及小麦吸收的影响

研究过磷酸钙、石灰和硅钙镁肥单一施用对土壤Cd形态和小麦植株不同器官Cd含量的影响,以期为微碱性Cd污染土壤安全利用提供理论参考.通过盆栽试验,研究不同改良剂对小麦成熟期土壤Cd形态以及二乙基三胺五乙酸（DTPA）提取态镉含量的影响,分析小麦不同器官中Cd的含量.结果表明：过磷酸钙显著降低了土壤的pH值,石灰和硅钙镁肥显著提高了土壤的pH值.3种改良剂均可以显著降低土壤DTPA提取态镉含量,其中施用硅钙镁肥（3%）的效果最好,降幅为73.60%.添加硅钙镁肥可显著降低土壤可交换态镉含量,同时增加残渣态镉含量,其中硅钙镁肥（3%）处理效果最佳,土壤可交换态镉含量降幅为63.30%,残渣态镉含量增幅为56.20%.3种改良剂均可显著降低小麦地上部、地下部Cd含量,其中硅钙镁肥处理对小麦地上部及地下部Cd含量降低效果最佳.硅钙镁肥（1.2%）处理对小麦籽粒镉含量降低效果最好,降幅为90.85%.土壤pH值与土壤DTPA提取态Cd含量达到了极负显著水平,土壤DTPA提取态Cd含量与小麦各器官中Cd呈极显著正相关.因此,施用不同改良剂可不同程度的降低土壤中Cd的生物有效性和小麦植株不同器官中Cd的含量,缓解Cd对植株的胁迫效应. 3种改良剂在同等剂量水平下,硅钙镁肥对小麦器官中镉的降低效果最佳.     

基于化肥削减潜力及碳减排的小麦生产效率

基于2004~2015年中国小麦主产省份的小麦生产投入产出数据,分析了中国小麦生产的化肥削减及碳减排潜力,并利用SBM模型和ML指数分别测算了小麦生产的环境效率和环境全要素生产率.结果显示：科学施肥条件下,主产省份小麦生产的化肥削减及碳减排潜力分别为51.66%、37.41%;化肥削减及碳减排条件下,小麦生产环境效率未降低,2004~2015年间平均的小麦生产环境效率为0.970,北方地区的小麦生产环境效率要低于南方地区,小麦生产的MLEFFCH指数、MLTECH指数、ML指数超过了1,大于化肥未削减、全碳排放条件下的MLEFFCH指数、MLTECH指数、ML指数,化肥削减及碳减排利于实际生产向最大产出迫近,以达到生产的帕累托最优状态.     

中国冬小麦麦收期连阴雨灾害风险评价

论文基于中国839个国家气象站点逐日降水观测数据和778个农业气象站点农作物生长发育数据,提取并统计了中国冬麦区265个国家气象站点麦收期连阴雨频率、最长连阴雨日数和最大过程雨量。通过构建“灾害胁迫-暴露-适应”的麦收期连阴雨灾害风险评价体系,采用熵权灰色关联分析法对2014年中国166个地级市冬小麦麦收期连阴雨的灾害风险进行评价。在此基础上,针对不同灾害风险主导因子进行风险防范分区。结果表明：1）空间分布上连阴雨灾害胁迫的带状递减特征明显,秦岭—淮河以南地区的灾害胁迫等级整体高于秦岭—淮河以北地区;灾害暴露和适应等级呈现出高低交错的空间分布特征。其中,华北西部、黄淮西部和西南地区东南部的暴露等级相对较高,适应能力相对较强的地区主要分布在省会城市、直辖市及其周边区域。2）处于麦收期连阴雨灾害中等以上风险的区域占冬小麦播种地市的73%,2 226.23万hm²的冬小麦处于麦收期连阴雨的胁迫中。3）中国冬小麦麦收期连阴雨灾害风险热点区域以灾害胁迫-适应主导和适应能力主导为主,加强灾害监测预警及提升区域适应能力是降低冬小麦麦收期连阴雨风险的有效途径。     

Herbicidal activity of slow-release herbicide formulations in wheat stands infested by weeds

The present study reports the herbicidal activity of metribuzin and tribenuron-methyl embedded in the degradable matrix of natural poly-3-hydroxybutyrate [P(3HB)/MET and P(3HB)/TBM]. The developed formulations were constructed as films and microgranules, which were tested against the weeds such as white sweet clover Melilotus albus and lamb's quarters Chenopodium album in the presence of soft spring wheat (Triticum aestivum, cv. Altaiskaya 70) as the subject crop for investigation. The activity was measured in laboratory scale experiments by determining the density and weight of the vegetative organs of weeds. The study was also aimed at testing the effect of the experimental formulation on the growth of wheat crop as dependent on the method of herbicide delivery. The experimental MET and TBM formulations showed pronounced herbicidal activity against the weed species used in the study. The effectiveness of the experimental formulations in inhibiting weed growth was comparable to and, sometimes, higher than that of the commercial formulations (positive control). The amount of the biomass of the wheat treated with the experimental herbicide formulations was significantly greater than that of the wheat treated with commercial formulations.     

不同原料生物炭对NH4+-N、PO43--P吸附性能的差异性及其成因分析

以芦苇、小麦秸秆和竹子为原料,利用回流式炭化工艺制备3种生物炭。比较三者对NH_4~+-N、PO_4~(3-)-P的吸附性能,并对三者吸附性能差异的成因进行分析。实验结果表明:3种生物炭对PO_4~(3-)-P的吸附效果整体上优于NH_4~+-N,因为3种生物炭的阳离子交换容量CEC值和Zeta电位绝对值的水平均较低,不利于阳离子的吸附;竹炭Z-C对NH_4~+-N的吸附效果最佳,6 h去除率为3.59%,低的N含量、pH及Zeta电位绝对值对NH_4~+-N的吸附有利;芦苇炭LW-C中的O更多地与K、Mg等结合,形成能够与PO_4~(3-)反应生成磷酸盐沉淀或者晶体物质的金属氧化物,从而具有最好的PO_4~(3-)-P的吸附效果,6 h时去除率达16.91%。     

用幼苗法指示污泥和土壤中重金属的植物有效性

利用小麦幼苗与黑麦幼苗研究了污泥和土壤中重金属的植物有效性，并对二者进行了比较。结果表明， 在两种污灌区土壤、四种污泥以及一种污泥施用于两种清洁土壤中，黑麦和小麦测定的Cd,Pb,Cu,Zn,Ni五种重金属有效性的顺序，以及有效性大小的数量级上是一致的；除了在污泥中，二者的茎Pb,Ni及根Zn相关不显著，以及在Lou土中施用污泥后，两种植物各部位相关不好外，在污泥及污泥施于赤红壤各处理中黑麦与小麦相关均匀为极显著。上述结果表明，应用小麦幼苗可以替代黑麦幼苗指标土壤中重金属的植物有效性，但同时也应考虑不同植物间的差异。     

混合水解对打捆麦秸水解产酸的影响

为研究混合水解对麦秸水解产酸的影响，以猪粪、厨余和蔬菜废物为原料，研究其分别与麦秸混合水解产酸的特性，分析了水解过程中pH值、COD、SCOD和VFAs的变化。结果表明，除麦秸＋蔬菜废物最佳出料时间为3～9d外，麦秸、麦秸＋厨余垃圾、麦秸＋猪粪水解液最佳出料时间均为3～7d，7d后水解液COD浓度下降；将蔬菜废物与麦秸混合水解，水解液pH值降低幅度最大，水解液中总有机酸浓度最高，pH值最低为5．31，有机酸浓度最高达6．46g／L，且水解液中SCOD浓度、SCOD／COD比值最大；添加猪粪明显促进了麦秸有机物的水解溶出，麦秸单位干物质水解率和产酸率较对照分别提高了43％～134％和50．53％，但对提高水解液SCOD浓度、SCOD／COD比、TVFA浓度、降低水解液pH值的效果不如蔬菜废物；添加厨余垃圾的效果介于猪粪和蔬菜废物之间。从促进麦秸水解产酸的角度，以添加猪粪的效果最好。     

黄淮海地区干热风灾害致灾因子时空特征分析

黄淮海地区是我国冬小麦主产区,也是干热风灾害危害最重、影响最广的地区,本研究利用黄淮海冬麦主产区81个站点1961-2017年的逐日气象数据和冬小麦生育期资料,分析了该地区小麦成熟期和干热风致灾因子的时空变化特征。在81个测站中,有23个成熟期提前趋势显著或极显著,但大部地区成熟期变化趋势不显著,有63%的站点未通过显著性检验。对干热风致灾因子达标日数和相似系数的分析表明,达到干热风灾害阈值的概率依次为14:00风速>14:00相对湿度>日最高气温,最高气温是形成干热风的主要限制因素,轻干热风的发生最高气温和相对湿度起主要作用,重干热风则是高温胁迫起决定作用,低湿条件使胁迫加重,风速只起辅助作用。揭示了该地区干热风危害总体减轻的气象条件基础,即干热风3要素表现为最高气温略降、14:00相对湿度略增、14:00风速明显减小的特征,3要素均向有利于减轻干热风发生的方向变化,对于冬小麦籽粒灌浆和产量形成是有利的。但灌浆成熟期内最低气温的显著升高,意味着气温日较差减小、小麦夜间呼吸消耗增大,对其干物质积累和产量形成带来潜在不利影响。     

Influence of tetracycline exposure on the growth of wheat seedlings and the rhizosphere microbial community structure in hydroponic culture

In this study, the effects of tetracycline exposure on wheat growth and the microbial community structure in the rhizosphere were investigated under hydroponic culture conditions. Exposure to various concentrations of tetracycline resulted in significant suppression of the growth of wheat roots and shoots, with minimum doses of 0.8 mg L^?1 and 4 mg L^?1 resulting in inhibition rates of 32% and 15.4%, respectively. Complete inhibition of the growth of these two parts of wheat plants was observed in response to treatment with tetracycline at 20 mg L^?1 and 100 mg L^?1, respectively. However, the germination of wheat seeds was not sensitive to exposure to tetracycline. The effects of tetracycline exposure on the microbial community in the wheat rhizosphere were evaluated through traditional cultivation and molecular biological analyses. The cultivation results indicated that bacteria were the dominant population, being present in concentrations of 1× 10⁸–2.45× 10⁹CFUs mL^?1, although 39% to 87% inhibition occurred in response to tetracycline. The concentration of fungi increased in all tetracycline treated samples to 2.5 to 15.8 times that of the control. The highest concentration of fungi (4.27× 10⁸ CFU mL^?1) was observed in response to 60 mg L^?1 tetracycline after 15 days of cultivation. In this stage, a large amount of fungal colonies was observed on the surface of the culture solution, the wheat roots became rotted and the plants became atrophic or even died. Molecular biological analysis indicated that the bacterial community structure was significantly different in samples that were exposed to high levels of tetracycline (over 20 mg L^?1) than in samples that were exposed to lower concentrations. As the concentration of tetracycline increased, the diversity of the bacteria decreased. Additionally, several dominant sensitive species such as Sphingobacterium multivorum were suppressed by tetracycline, while some resistant species such as Acinetobacter sp. appeared or were conserved. The bacteria population tended to stabilize when the drug concentration exceeded 40 mg L^?1.     

Effect of wheat and rice straw biochars on pyrazosulfuron-ethyl sorption and persistence in a sandy loam soil

The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of wheat and rice biochars on pyrazosulfuron-ethyl sorption in a sandy loam soil. Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl was poorly sorbed in the soil (3.5–8.6%) but biochar amendment increased the herbicide adsorption, and the effect varied with the nature of the feedstock and pyrolysis temperature. Biochars prepared at 600°C were more effective in adsorbing pyrazosulfuron-ethyl than biochars prepared at 400°C. Rice biochars were better than wheat biochars, and higher herbicide adsorption was attributed to the biochar surface area/porosity. The Freundlich constant 1/n suggested nonlinear isotherms, and nonlinearlity increased with increase in the level of biochar amendment. Desorption results suggested sorption of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl was partially irreversible, and the irreversibility increased with increase in the level of biochar. Both sorption and desorption of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl correlated well with the content of biochars. The free energy change (ΔG) indicated that the pyrazosulfuron-ethyl sorption process was exothermic, spontaneous and physical in nature. Persistence studies indicated that biochar (0.5%) amendment did not have significant effect on herbicide degradation, and its half-life values in the control, 0.5% WBC600- and RBC600-amended rice planted soils were 7, 8.6, and 10.4 days, respectively.