四论灾害系统研究的理论与实践

作者曾分别于1991,1995和2001年发表了关于灾害研究理论与实践的3篇文章,对灾害系统的性质、动力学机制等进行了探讨.本文在前3篇文章的基础上,从综合灾害风险管理的角度,完善了灾害系统的结构与功能体系,论证了灾情形成过程中恢复力的作用机制,分析了区域开发与安全建设的互馈关系,构建了区域综合减灾的行政管理体系,提出了由政府、企业与社区构成的区域综合减灾范式.研究结果表明,区域灾情形成过程中,脆弱性与恢复力有着明显的区别,脆弱性是区域灾害系统中致灾因子、承灾体和孕灾环境综合作用过程的状态量,它主要取决于区域的经济发达程度与社区安全建设水平;恢复力则是灾害发生后,区域恢复、重建及安全建设与区域发展相互作用的动态量,它主要取决于区域综合灾害风险行政管理能力、政府与企业投入和社会援助水平.区域安全水平与土地利用的时空格局和产业结构关系密切,通过划定区域高风险“红线区“的办法,调整土地利用时空格局和产业结构,有利于建立区域可持续发展的综合减灾范式.针对区域自然灾害系统存在着相互作用、互为因果的灾害链规律,以及灾害系统所具有的结构与功能特征,完善由纵向、横向和政策协调共同组成的一个“三维矩阵式“的区域综合减灾行政管理体系,构建以政府为主导、企业为主体、社区全面参与的区域综合减灾范式.以此促进在发展中提高区域减灾能力,并在一定安全水平下,建设区域可持续发展模式.     

滇、桂、粤、闽、台灾害链讨论

由于对洪水、台风和巨大风暴潮的长期预测尚有一定困难，因之需要多学科进行综合研究。本文通过对滇、桂、粤、闽、台地区历史上大震后同年或次年发生上述重大气象灾害的事实，讨论了灾害链的预测，同时也讨论了灾害链的形成机制，包括构造活动、北回归线效应以及孟加拉湾大桥活动的双重后果。文中还提出了4条减灾对策。     

武隆滑坡形成机理与成灾分析

２００１年５月１日，重庆市武隆具发生了一起严重的滑坡灾难，滑坡体积仅１．２万ｍ３，摧毁了一幢９层商 住楼．造成７９人死亡，中断３１９国道４昼夜，这次滑坡灾害是在特殊的环境条件下形成和发生的，具有压制 拉裂一拱溃剧滑的力学机理．类似的滑坡灾害还有１９８７年９月 １日重庆市巫溪县发生的南门湾岩崩、１９９７ 年７月１７日四川省兴文县发生的金风村滑坡．这些滑坡灾害的惨痛教训说明，县、乡、村级基层组织防灾 减灾的意识淡薄，防灾减灾的科普宣传、教育还未落到实处；因此必须加强县、乡、村级的防灾减灾工作．     

安徽省短波通信网在防震减灾事业中的应用

本文介绍了短波通信的工作原理和安徽短波通信网的建设情况。10多年来，它在安徽的防震减灾工作中发挥了重要作用，取得了可喜的成绩。     

防震减灾网页设计要点及其日常维护——以山东省防震减灾信息网站为例

以山东省防震减灾信息网站为例 ,介绍了网页设计要点及日常维护的经验和体会 ,进而提出了网页进一步发展的新思路     

硼氢化钠还原法处理化学镀镍废液

采用硼氢化钠作为还原剂处理化学镀镍废液。研究了硼氢化钠投加量、反应时间、温度及pH对镍处理效果的影响。试验表明，投加一定量硼氢化钠溶液，控制pH为6、温度为50℃，反应10min后可以将废液中的镍由6000mg/L降至10mg/L以下。每升废液可获得54g淀淀物，其中镍质量分数达到66.1%。     

Microbial Fe(III) Reduction in Acidic Mining Lake Sediments after Addition of an Organic Substrate and Lime

To elucidate the role of Fe(III) reduction in mining lake sediments amended with organic substrates, we performed a large (10 m diameter) enclosure experiment in which sediments were amended with Carbokalk, a waste product from sugar industry containing organic carbon and lime. Fe(III) reduction rates were determined monthly by measuring the accumulation of Fe(II) in the sediments in the field. Fe(III) reduction rates were also determined by incubating sediment samples with synthetic Fe(III) oxyhydroxide under in situ temperature in the laboratory. Sulfate reduction was selectively inhibited in the Fe(III) reduction experiments by addition of sodium molybdate. Sulfate reduction was measured by accumulation of reduced inorganic sulfides in the field and by ³⁵S radiotracer using a core injection technique. Sediment incubation and determination of sulfate reduction rates with radiotracer showed that sulfate reduction and direct microbial Fe(III) reduction occured simultaneously in the upper centimeters of the sediments and that both processes contributed to alkalinity generation. However, Fe(III) reduction was the initial process and rates were at least 3.5 fold higher than sulfate reduction rates. The results indicate that the presence of suitable anions for Fe(II) precipitation as carbonate or sulfide is needed in order to prevent loss of potential alkalinity by Fe(II) diffusion and reoxidation in the water column.     

含硫化亚铁颗粒的乳化原油净化处理方法

采用超声波和离心法在室内进行了从被硫化亚铁颗粒污染的乳化原油中回收原油的试验,试验结果表明:超声波-离心-溶剂稀释-离心处理工艺中,超声波处理工序主要用于乳化原油中游离水和部分乳化水的脱除,以降低后续离心处理工序的负荷。用超声波-离心处理工序分离出的沉渣和油、水过渡层经溶剂稀释后进行第二次离心处理。两次离心处理中所得到的净化油混合可作为商品原油外输,第二次离心处理中分离出的沉渣和油、水过渡层经进一步除油后可作为固体废物处理。     

WASTE MANAGEMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTH AFRICA

Waste management is emerging as a key sector for sustainable development in South Africa with opportunities for enhancing investments in carbon credits that target reduction of methane from landfills and moveable assets in relation to environmentally sound equipment required for effective waste management. In the past, the waste management sector was dominated by private sector with selective operations in what makes business sense through recycling of saleable products. Materials mostly recycled included paper and hard board, plastics, glass, tinplate and aluminum. The rest of the waste materials estimated at 10.2 million tons of both general and hazardous end up in landfills. This trend is now getting reversed as development agencies such as Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit Gmbh (GTZ), Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA), Danish Co-operation for Environment and Development (DANCED) and Development Bank of Southern Africa (DBSA) are identifying opportunities in the sector for sustainable development purposes. Two key areas for investments include capturing methane emissions from landfills for trading in carbon markets and financing both physical and moveable assets to enhance sustainable development. However, the challenges for cost-effectiveness, efficiency and sustainability in the sector prevail in relation to lack of sound knowledge to design and implement integrated programmes that incorporate environment, development and sustainability. Also, inadequate capacity at municipal levels to administer waste management programmes and inability to collect rates and taxes for effective management of landfills constraint effectiveness and efficiency of the sector. Overall, financial resources are imperative to waste management and sustainable development as the sector requires capital investments for necessary infrastructure.