人类饮食营养结构的五次革命

人类依靠饮食而生,又在生存中创造新饮食。随着生命科学、营养科学、环境科学、医学、农学的飞速发展,以及人民生活的不断提高,人类饮食结构千万年以来经历了四次改革之后,又在迈向第五次革命一向“返璞归真,回归自然”的方向升华,人类的饮食观念又一次更新。五次饮食革命的特点和主要内容是: “熟食”技术的发明,标志着人类饮食第一次革命的开始。达尔文主义揭示,人类的始祖     

广州荔湾湖整治前后生态环境变化调查

章根据广州荔湾湖清淤截污前后水质监测结果、水生物藻类和鱼类鉴定及荔湾湖周边植被调查进行综合分析，结果表明：荔湾湖水质有了一定的好转，生物多样性也有明显改善，但湖水水质仍处于富营养状态，部分污染物浓度仍较高。因而，荔湾湖的环保工作应进一步加强，使该湖区水质达到广州市水质标准。     

东湖各湖区水质营养与水域功能优化

在全面调查东湖的点、面源污染和水质营养状况的基础上，提出了各湖区水域功能的优化以及饮用水功能与养殖功能兼容的设想与方案，调查结果显示，东湖的汤林湖，牛巢湖，菱角湖和后湖等4湖区的水质尚能维持在Ⅲ类标准，属于中营养向富营养过渡型水体；其余湖区部分水质指标波动在IV－V类之间，个别指标达到V类，均已进入富营养阶段，甚至达到极富营养的水平，从污染治理与生态环境保护考虑，必须采取有效措施控制和治理东湖污染。     

中蒙边界河湖水质现状及其评价

本文就中蒙两国首次环保合作项目的调查结果，对边界主要河湖的水质进行了全面的监测与评价，结果显示，位于中方水体的水质问题主要表现在营养盐，有机耗氧和碱度偏高，本次调查中为蒙双方共同开发，利用与保护边界水资源提供了宝贵的资料。     

Application of Bayesian regularized BP neural network model for analysis of aquatic ecological data-A case study of chlorophyll-a prediction in Nanzui water area of Dongting Lake

Bayesian regularized BP neural network（BRBPNN） technique was applied in the chlorophyll-α prediction of Nanzui water area in Dongting Lake. Through BP network interpolation method, the input and output samples of the network were obtained. After the selection of input variables using stepwise/multiple linear regression method in SPSS i1.0 software, the BRBPNN model was established between chlorophyll-α and environmental parameters, biological parameters. The achieved optimal network structure was 3-11-1 with the correlation coefficients and the mean square errors for the training set and the test set as 0.999 and 0.000？8426, 0.981 and 0.0216 respectively. The sum of square weights between each input neuron and the hidden layer of optimal BRBPNN models of different structures indicated that the effect of individual input parameter on chlorophyll- α declined in the order of alga amount 〉 secchi disc depth（SD） 〉 electrical conductivity （EC）. Additionally, it also demonstrated that the contributions of these three factors were the maximal for the change of chlorophyll-α concentration, total phosphorus（TP） and total nitrogen（TN） were the minimal. All the results showed that BRBPNN model was capable of automated regularization parameter selection and thus it may ensure the excellent generation ability and robustness. Thus, this study laid the foundation for the application of BRBPNN model in the analysis of aquatic ecological data（chlorophyll-α prediction） and the explanation about the effective eutrophication treatment measures for Nanzui water area in Dongting Lake.     

细菌群落结构对水体富营养化的响应

于2005年2月在太湖不同营养水平湖区采集水样,寞接提取水样的总DNA,以细菌16SrDNA通用引物进行V3区PCR扩增,产物经DGGE(变性凝胶梯度电泳)分离后,获得水体细菌群落的16SrDNA指纹图谱;并运用FDC(表面荧光直接计数)方法对细菌丰度进行了测定.结果表明,水体中细菌的群落结构随着水体富营养化程度的改变产生明显变化,细菌数量呈现随水体营养水平增加而上升的趋势,营养水平较低的湖心区细菌数量仅为2.87×106 cells·mL-1,超富营养化的五里湖区水体中.细菌数量高达5.92×106cells·mL-1;细菌群落多样性随水体营养水平增加呈现显著的下降趋势,在超富营养化的1#、2#采样位点,细菌DGGE主要条带数量仅为23条,在沉水植物丰富区(贡湖湾)细菌DGGE主要条带数量达33条.PCA(主成分分析)的聚类结果表明,太湖水体中不同营养水平下的细菌群落多样性可大致归为3种类型,超富营养化的五里湖区水体细菌群落结构与梅粱湾及汞湖湾存在明显不同,可以大体归为超富营养类型、藻型湖区及草型湖区类型3种.此结果反映了水体富营养化过程中,由于营养物质的增加,促进了某些类群微生物的大量繁殖,水体中微生物的生物量显著增加;生态环境条件的恶化,造成了微生物多样性的下降,这可能导致原本稳定的水生态系统脆弱化.     

Present status and changes of the phytoplankton community after invasion of Neosalanx taihuensis since 1982 in a deep oligotrophic plateau lake, Lake Fuxian in the subtropical China

Phytoplankton assemblages in the subtrophical oligotrophic Lake Fuxian, the second deepest lake in China, were investigated monthly from September 2002 to August 2003. A total of 113 species belonging to seven phyla were identified, among them, a filamentous green alga, Mougeotia sp., dominated almost throughout the study period and comprised most of the total phytoplankton biomass.Mougeotia sp. has made a substantial development during the past decades: it was absent in 1957, only occasionally present in 1983,increased substantially in 1993, and became predominant in 2002--2003. It is likely that natural invasion of the Taihu Lake noodlefish (Neosalanx taihuensis) has led to a change of dominant herbivorous zooplankton from small to large calanoid, which has increased grazing pressure on small edible algae, and thus has indirectly favored the development of the inedible filamentous Mougeotia sp.     

贫燃条件下汽车尾气中NOx催化净化研究进展

汽车尾气排放的NOx(主要是NO)是城市大气的主要污染源之一。本综述了近l0年来贫燃条件下NOx催化转化为N2的催化剂研究进展。这些方法包括HC-SCR、NO直接催化分解、NOx吸附-还原等。讨论了不同催化剂的性能影响因素。新的负载材料MFI、MCM-41、SAPO-34的应用增强了催化剂的性能。双功能催化剂由于两种活性位的协同作用表现出较高的活性和选择性。新的纳米结构概念催化剂NOx吸附还原中发现有广泛应用。介绍了上述催化脱除NOx的各种机理并指出了今后研究的方向。     

大学生的健康不容忽视

长期超负荷学习和工作的大学生、中青年脑力劳动者,中枢神经常常处于紧张状态,如果不注重心理调整和体育锻炼,将导致交感神经兴奋性增强,内分泌功能紊乱,易产生身心疾病,最终降低学习及工作效率,提前走向衰老。 据2000年全国第4次学生健康调研显示:体能素质下降较快,2000年与1995年比,我国大中学生的速度、耐力、力量