Assays of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds in actually contaminated soils using transgenic tobacco plants carrying a recombinant mouse aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated β-glucuronidase reporter gene expression system

The transgenic tobacco plant XD4V-26 carrying the recombinant mouse aryl hydrocarbon receptor XD4V-mediated β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene expression system was used for assay of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds consisting of polychlorinated dibenzeno-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (Co-PCBs) in actually contaminated soils. The transgenic tobacco plant XD4V-26 showed a significant dose-dependent induced GUS activity when cultured on MS medium containing PCB126 [toxic equivalency factor (TEF) = 0.1]. In contrast, PCB169 and PCB180, which have 0.03 of TEF and unassigned TEF values, respectively, did not significantly induce GUS activity under the same conditions as with PCB126. When the tobacco plants were cultivated for up to 5 weeks on actually contaminated soils with dioxins and dioxin-like compounds collected from the periphery of an incinerator used for disposal of residential and industrial wastes, GUS activity in the leaves was dose-dependently increased. The plants clearly detected 360 pg-TEQ g^?1 of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds in this assay. There was a positive correlation between GUS activity and TEQ value of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds in the plants. This assay does not require any extraction and purification processes for the actually contaminated soil samples.     

贡嘎山本底站大气中VOCs的研究

为研究中国西南地区大气中挥发性有机物（VOCs）区域性本底浓度和变化特征,利用不锈钢钢瓶采样、三步冷冻浓缩进样-气相色谱/质谱联用技术（GC/MS）,测定了贡嘎山大气本底站大气中的VOCs组成、浓度及季节变化,并利用PCA（principal component analysis）受体模型对大气中VOCs来源进行了初步分析.结果表明,贡嘎山地区TVOCs和NMHCs的年平均浓度（体积分数）分别为9.40×10-9±4.55×10-9和7.73×10-9±4.43×10-9,且两者的最高和最低浓度都出现在同一次采样.在TVOCs中,芳香烃所占比例最大,为37.3%,烷烃（30.0%）和卤代烃（19.8%）次之,烯烃的比例最低,为12.9%.通过PCA受体模型分析发现,贡嘎山地区大气中VOCs的主要来源可以归结为交通源、生物源和燃烧源.贡嘎山地区大气中TVOCs呈现明显的季节变化,变化特征为秋季〉冬季〉春季〉夏季,秋季和冬季大气中的TVOCs浓度分别极显著（P〈0.01）和显著地高于夏季（P〈0.05）,由于光化学性质的差异,4种类型的VOCs季节变化也呈现出不同的特征.异戊二烯是生物源的重要排放物,其排放速率与大气温度呈指数相关,在20℃以上随着温度的升高排放速率明显增强,其最高和最低值分别出现在夏季的下午和冬季的上午.与其他地区的研究结果相比,贡嘎山地区TVOCs的排放处于中等水平,有着明显的本底站排放特征.     

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of dietary Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide against TCDD-induced hepatic injury and RT-PCR quantification of AHR2, ARNT2, CYP1A mRNA in Jian Carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)

To evaluate the protective effects of Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide (GPS) against 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced hepatotoxicity in Jian carp, the fish were fed diets containing GPS at doses of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg for 60 days before an intraperitoneal injection of 0.6 μg/kg TCDD at a volume of 0.05 mL/10 g body weight. At 72 hr post-injection, blood and liver samples were taken for biochemical analysis and the fish liver samples were used for the preparation of pathological slices. The results showed that increases in alanine aminotransferase (GPT), aspartate aminotransferase (GOT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) in serum induced by TCDD were significantly inhibited by pre-treatment with 1.0 g/kg GPS. Following the 1.0 g/kg GPS pre-treatment, total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in liver tissue increased significantly, malondialdehyde (MDA) formation (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) was significantly inhibited, and the expression of cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A), aryl hydrocarbon receptor 2 (AHR2) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator 2 (ARNT2) mRNA (P < 0.05) was significantly enhanced. Histological observations on fish liver were obtained by preparing paraffin tissue sections via HE staining, and the results showed that histological changes were obviously reduced by 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg GPS. GPS significantly reduced liver tissue damage caused by TCDD. Overall, these results proved the hepatoprotective effect of GPS in protecting against fish liver injury induced by TCDD, and supported the use of GPS (1.0 g/kg) as a hepatoprotective and antioxidant agent in fish.     

典型生态脆弱区水库周边大气降尘重金属风险评价及APCS-MLR模型溯源

为评估生态脆弱区大气中重金属的健康风险状况及污染来源,以锡林郭勒盟大河口水库周边为研究区,2021~2022年对布设的12个大气降尘监测点进行为期1a的采集工作,共收集到样品144份,测定Cr、Ni、Pb、Cu、Zn、Mn、As和Cd共8种重金属的含量,运用潜在生态指数（E_rⁱ）和健康风险评价模型评估大气中重金属对生态安全和人体健康的风险水平,利用富集因子分析法,主成分分析法及绝对主成分-多元线性回归（APCS-MLR）受体模型定性与定量地解析研究区大气重金属污染来源.结果表明：①研究区全年大气降尘重金属综合潜在生态风险均值属于强生态风险,各重金属元素中仅Cd元素处于极高风险程度,其余均为轻微风险.②健康风险评价结果表明,手口途径和皮肤接触途径摄入是引起非致癌风险和致癌风险的主要暴露途径,儿童在个别月份存在非致癌风险与可接受的致癌风险,其中As元素是非致癌风险与致癌风险的主要贡献来源.③通过富集因子分析、主成分分析和APCS-MLR受体模型计算表明：风沙扬尘源占比最大,为37.82%,煤炭燃烧与交通源对Cu、Cd、Pb和Zn的贡献率分别为：73.01%、40.22%、70.31%和32.82%;采矿活动对As贡献率为42.59%;工业源对Cd元素的贡献率为22.01%;人类其他活动源对Cd、As、Pb和Zn的贡献分别为：21.12%、34.40%、23.04%和32.15%.     

基于生态供受体理论的全国水土保持重要区识别

科学评估土壤保持功能是生态保护红线划定的基础.依据生态供受体理论,针对土壤保持服务对应的水土流失这一生态问题,从水土流失的供体（水土流失量）、受体（人口密度）、辐射传输（距离水体距离）三个方面构建模型,分析土壤保持功能的重要性.结果表明全国潜在侵蚀量577.34×10¹⁰t/a,潜在土壤侵蚀随着坡度和降水量的增加而增加.土壤保持功能极重要区面积98.98×10⁴km²,主要分布在西南地区的无量山和哀牢山,黄土高原东部,东南地区的浙闽丘陵,东部地区的鲁中山区、鲁东半岛,以及辽东半岛.西南地区山高、谷深、坡陡、流急、地形稳定性差等因素造成水土流失严重,维持该地区的水土保持功能极为重要;西北地区的黄土高原土质疏松且多暴雨导致水土流失比较严重,维持该地区土壤保持功能非常重要.对比常用的生态保护功能模型,供受体理论模型除考虑自然影响因素之外,突出了人类活动的因素,对评估生态保护功能与水土保持生态风险更客观.依据供受体理论构建的土壤保持模型适用于土壤保持功能和土壤潜在侵蚀风险的评估,可作为评估生态系统安全和划定生态保护红线的重要依据.     

Spatial distribution of health risks for residents located close to solvent-consuming industrial VOC emission sources

Emissions derived from the consumption of organic solvents have been proven to be the primary industrial source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In conjunction with epidemiologic studies, water-based paints (WBPs) and solvent-based paints (SBPs) were selected as representatives of newly developed solvents and traditional solvents, respectively, to simulate the effects of consuming solvents emitted during industrial production. And non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks to residents near emission sources were studied in detail. The results showed that the spatial distribution of health risks varied with meteorological conditions and type of emission source, and the prevailing wind direction strongly affected the distribution range and shape of the influenced area. The areas of influence maximized on heavy-polluting days for both WBP and SBP emission sources with the total span reaching 804 m and 16 km, respectively; meanwhile, the areas of influence for carcinogenic risk resulting from WBP emission sources were 1.2 and 2.3 times greater than those measured on fine and rainy days, respectively, and 1.8 and 2.9 times greater for SBP emission sources. Compared with WBPs, the total spans of negatively influenced regions resulting from SBP emission sources were 10.4, 12.5 and 19.9 times greater on fine, rainy and heavy-polluting days, respectively. Therefore, carcinogenic risk was the dominant health threat for populations residing close to solvent-consuming industrial emission sources. The findings suggest that newly developed solvents are capable of significantly reducing consequent health threats, nevertheless, they could still pose occasional threats to nearby residents under specific meteorological conditions.     

多溴二苯醚类化合物干扰人雌激素受体alpha活性机理的理论研究

基于分子对接方法探讨了多溴二苯醚(PBDEs)类化合物与人雌激素受体α亚型间的分子作用机理.对多溴二苯醚类化合物是否具有拟雌激素功能的研究得出:可通过对接打分值和化合物结构特征来推测PBDEs母体化合物是否具有拟雌激素活性;对HO-PBDEs,与氨基酸残基GLU53和/或ARG394形成氢键可能是影响其拟雌激素活性的重要因素;对MeO-PBDEs,疏水MeO-位于结合腔的疏水中部有利于拟雌激素活性.从结构及构象分析得出,邻位疏水基(Br-、MeO-)有利于PBDEs类化合物的拟雌激素活性.同时对多溴二苯醚类化合物是否具有抗雌激素功能的结合特征研究发现,表现出抗雌激素活性的部分PBDEs类化合物伸进通常被雌激素受体拮抗剂雷洛昔芬和4-羟基它莫西芬的烷基胺侧链占据的通道,而大多数未表现出抗雌激素活性的PBDEs类化合物的结合模式类似雌激素受体激动剂17β-雌二醇,位于结合腔,没有伸进通道.本研究从化合物结构及化合物在受体内结合的构象特征上解释化合物活性不同的原因,以期能够利用构象分析得到的结果进行筛选.     

基于风险场的区域突发性环境风险评价方法研究

在大尺度空间,风险源、风险受体和风险传播途径的多样性和相互作用的复杂性是区域环境风险评价的难点.同时,现有评价方法很少关注风险因子的释放规律,释放后在空间中的分布格局,以及风险受体受到损害的途径和程度.本文应用风险场理论,分析描述风险场形成和对风险受体作用的机制.结合南京化工园区实例进行环境风险源识别,采用集对分析等方法构建了各风险源产生的环境风险场,再分析处于风险场中的环境风险受体,最后得到区域环境风险水平分布,同时将其划分为5个等级.评价结果显示,位于风险源周围或河道下游的人口稠密、生态环境敏感地区环境风险值R≥6,风险水平处于极高、高等级,与园区现状具有较好的一致性.建议依据环境风险水平的分级、分类结果建立起以预防为主的环境风险管理体系.     

黄颡鱼黑色素细胞原代培养及迁移相关基因克隆分析

黑素皮质素受体-1(MC1R)在鱼体中对黑色素细胞的分化及迁移起主要的调控作用,而且在神经系统和免疫系统中表现出不同功能。本研究对黄颡鱼表皮黑色素细胞的培养条件进行探索,并在此基础上对MC1R基因进行克隆,为后续研究黄颡鱼黑色素异常的细胞及分子机理研究提供基础。结果表明,黄颡鱼表皮黑色素细胞在27 ℃培养条件下,72 h开始贴壁生长,培养基中添加20 %小牛血清培养效果比添加10%小牛血清好。MC1R基因克隆方面,黄颡鱼MC1R基因全长为936 bp,编码312个氨基酸,与剑尾鱼(Xiphophorus maculates)、孔雀鱼(Poecilia reticulata)、条斑星鲽(Verasper moseri)、海鲈(Dicentrarchus labrax)、大菱鲆(Psetta maxima)等5种鱼类MC1R基因的同源性分别为97%、96%、90%、90%、90%,系统分析结果显示,黄颡鱼MC1R基因在进化树上的位置与黄颡鱼的分类所处位置基本吻合。证明黄颡鱼表皮黑色素细胞原代培养的条件为：27℃,添加20% 小牛血清,所克隆基因为黄颡鱼MC1R基因。     

邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己)酯(DEHP)和邻苯二甲酸单乙基己基酯(MEHP)长期暴露对海洋青鳉(Oryzias melastigma)内分泌干扰效应的评价

为探讨邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己)酯(DEHP)和邻苯二甲酸单乙基己基酯(MEHP)长期暴露对海水生物的内分泌干扰效应及机制,将孵化后1周的海洋青鳉(Oryzias melastigma)分别暴露于DEHP(0.1 mg·L-1和0.5 mg·L-1)和MEHP(0.1 mg·L-1和0.5 mg·L-1)6个月。结果显示:DEHP显著增加了雌性和雄性海洋青鳉的肝指数,而MEHP只在高剂量时显著增加雄性青鳉的肝指数。对于雌性青鳉,DEHP暴露后肝脏雌激素相关基因ERα、ERβ、ERγ、VTG1、VTG2、ChgH和ChgL的表达水平显著上调,而对于雄性青鳉,DEHP暴露后,只有肝脏ERβ的表达水平显著上调。相比之下,MEHP暴露对雌性和雄性青鳉肝VTG和Chg基因表达无显著影响。DEHP激活了雌性和雄性青鳉的肝过氧化物增殖激活受体PPARα和PPARγ,而MEHP只在低剂量时上调了雄性青鳉PPARγ的表达。在雌性和雄性青鳉体内,VTG和Chg的表达与ERα和ERγ的表达显著相关,并且ER与PPAR也显著相关。研究表明,DEHP长期暴露可通过激活肝性激素受体调控肝雌激素响应基因(VTG和Chg)和过氧化物增殖激活受体(PPARα和PPARγ)的表达而对海洋青鳉产生内分泌干扰效应,并且显示出性别特异性。MEHP对海洋青鳉的内分泌干扰效应弱于DEHP。