Treatment of IGCC power station effluents by physico-chemical and advanced oxidation processes

The aim of this work was to improve the quality of aqueous effluents coming from the Gasification Unit in an Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) Thermoelectric Power Station, with the purpose of fulfilling the future more demanding normative. To this end, an integral wastewater treatment including coagulation, flocculation, neutralization, photocatalytic oxidation, and ion-exchange has been studied. A final scheme has been proposed to remove pollutants. All the parameters of the treated wastewater are below pouring specifications. In the first stage, the wastewater was treated with CaCl2 (optimal dose=11 g CaCl2/g F-) as coagulant and a commercial anionic polyelectrolyte (optimal dose=0.02 g/g F-) as flocculant to remove fluoride ions (99%) and suspended solids (92%). The water was then neutralized, improving the degree of transmission of ultraviolet light, allowing the faster photo-degradation of pollutants. The photochemical study included different systems (H2O2, UV/H2O2, Fenton, Fenton-like, UV/Fenton, UV/Fenton-like and UV/H2O2/O2). In the Fenton-like system, the influence of two parameters (initial concentration of H2O2 and amount of Cu(II)) on the degradation of cyanide and formate (taken as the reference of the process) was studied. Experimental results were fit using neural networks (NNs). Results showed that the photocatalytic process was effective for total cyanide destruction after 60 min, while 180 min was needed to remove 80% of formates. However, a more simple system with UV/H2O2/O2 yields similar results and is preferred for industrial application due to fewer complications. Finally, an ion-exchange process with Amberlite IRA-420 was proposed to remove the excess of chlorides added as a consequence of the initial coagulation process.     

硫酸改性麻黄废渣对Cu~(2+)的吸附研究

用硫酸对麻黄废渣进行化学改性,制备改性麻黄废渣,并用于模拟废水中Cu2+的吸附。通过扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶红外光谱仪和官能团滴定等方法对改性麻黄废渣进行表征;采用静态吸附实验,考察了溶液pH、吸附剂用量、吸附时间等对吸附效果的影响。结果表明,麻黄废渣改性后,酸性基团数量明显增加,羟基和羧基也均有大幅度的增加,表面比改性前变得粗糙和疏松多孔,表面积增大,更有利于对Cu2+的吸附。室温(25℃)下改性麻黄废渣吸附Cu2+的较佳条件为:溶液pH 5.0、吸附时间60min、改性麻黄废渣用量4g/L。改性麻黄废渣对Cu2+的吸附可以用准二级动力学方程描述,Cu2+的饱和吸附量为2.20mmol/g,与改性前(1.49mmol/g)相比有明显提高。改性麻黄废渣吸附—解吸附循环使用5次中,Cu2+的平均解吸率达到83%左右,麻黄废渣平均再生率达到94%以上,经5次循环使用,Cu2+吸附率仍可达到99.46%,说明改性麻黄废渣具有良好的重复利用性能。     

Pb~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)在胡敏酸上的吸附和竞争吸附

研究了金属离子Pb2+、Cu2+、Cd2+在胡敏酸上的单一吸附和两两组分竞争吸附.结果表明,总体胡敏酸对Cu2+、Pb2+的吸附明显强于Cd2+.Freundlich方程对Pb2+、Cd2+单一金属离子吸附等温线的拟合呈极显著关系,Langmuir方程为胡敏酸吸附Cu2+的最佳拟合方程.Pb2+、Cu2+、Cd2+的两两组分竞争吸附表明,胡敏酸对3种离子均具有"选择性吸附",竞争能力从大到小依次为Pb2+、Cu2+、Cd2+.     

用几种溶样方法对典型土样中Pb、Cr、Ni、Cd、Mn、Cu、Zn的溶出情况比较

本文采用HNO_3、HCl-HNO_3、HNO_3-H_2SO_4-HClO_4,溶洋方法消解土样,用原子吸收法测定题述中的元素,并与HCl-HNO_3-HF-HClO_4全消解方法进行了比较.发现除用HF以外的其它酸溶法Pb、Cr的溶出较少溶出比分别低于55％和67％,主要原因是Pb、Cr包藏在土壤的矿物晶格中。     

非全量消解-悬浮液进样火焰原子吸收光谱法测定煤灰中的铜和铅

试验了用非全量消解—悬浮液直接进样火焰原子吸收光谱法测定煤灰中的铜和铅，结果表明：铜和铅的方法检出限(3σ)分别为0．038mg／L和0．23mg／L，测定吸光度与其浓度的线性范围均为0．5mg／L—5．0mg／L，样品加标回收率在87％—97％之间，相对标准差(n＝4)小于7％。     

Effect of Heavy Metals on the Blood Protein Biochemistry of the Fish CYPRINUS CARPIO AND ITS USE AS A BIO-INDICATOR OF POLLUTION STRESS

Cyprinus carpio were exposed to two non-essential (Hg and Pb)and two essential (Cu and Ni) heavy metal salts at lethal andsub-lethal concentrations. Blood serum total protein, serum globulinand serum albumin was analysed every 2 hr for 24 hrs andagain at 48 and 72 hrs. Serum protein and globulin level showedan intial sharp increase from 2 to 20 hrs, followed by decline thatextend over a period of 72 hrs. Serum albumin showed an initialimmediate decline from 2 to 4 hrs, followed by an intermittent period of recovery and decline that extend over a period of 72hrs. Both lethal and sub-lethal concentrations of metal salts elicited asimilar pattern of response varying only in magnitude. The use offish blood serum protein, albumin and globulin measurements as general indicators of pollutant stress response isdiscussed.     

金昌市环境中铜的来源调查分析

大多数重金属通常是以气溶胶形式,如以烟、雾、尘分散在大气中.悬浮颗粒物中重金属是重要的大气污染物之一,目前已证实颗粒物中重金属如Ni、Cu、Cd、As等不但对人体具有毒害,而且具有致癌作用.金昌市是以硫化型金属矿为原料生产镍、铜的工业城市.因总体产业格局基本为原材料初级加工,能耗物耗高,原工艺水平低,环保欠帐较多,工业污染源超标排放污染物普遍,区域性环境污染相对突出.根据金昌市大气污染现状,通过对环境空气、土壤、植物中的重金属铜进行布点采样及分析,找出了重金属铜的污染分布特征以及来源.     

土壤中铜、铅离子的竞争吸附动力学

研究了Cu²⁺、Pb²⁺在2种土壤上的竞争吸附动力学过程.结果表明,Cu²⁺、Pb²⁺在乌栅土上的吸附量均高于在红壤上的吸附量,Pb²⁺又较Cu²⁺在土壤上的吸附量大.分别用一级、二级动力学方程、抛物线方程、Elovich方程和幂函数方程对该吸附动力学过程进行了拟合,其中幂函数方程拟合结果最好.Cu²⁺、Pb²⁺在乌栅土上的吸附主要是通过与土壤中的Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺进行交换,其累积吸附量与Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺的累积解吸量线性关系显著(R2为0.990～1);在红壤上是通过与土壤中的H+进行离子交换而吸附.Pb²⁺对Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺的交换能力比Cu²⁺强,其存在显著降低了Cu²⁺在2种土壤上的吸附量;Cu²⁺的存在略降低Pb²⁺在土壤上的吸附量.     

醋酸改性纳米黑碳对Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)吸附能力的研究

用醋酸对黑碳进行改性,通过改性纳米黑碳(MBC)对Cu2+、Cd2+的吸附/解吸试验,探究MBC对Cu2+、Cd2+的吸附特性及吸附稳定性。结果表明,Cu2+和Cd2+在MBC上的吸附动力学过程可分为快吸附和慢吸附两个阶段,且MBC对Cu2+的吸附效率大于Cd2+。Cu2+和Cd2+在MBC上的吸附等温线均能用Langmuir和Freundlich方程拟合,Cu2+和Cd2+在MBC上的最大吸附量分别为13.513、11.364mg/g,且MBC对Cu2+和Cd2+均为优惠吸附。MBC上Cu2+和Cd2+的解吸量均随着吸附量的增加而增大,易解吸态Cu2+在MBC上的解吸率为6.12%~10.25%,Cd2+为9.58%~11.81%,MBC对Cu2+的吸附稳定性大于Cd2+。将醋酸改性与已有改性方法对比,表明醋酸改性条件温和、能耗低、经济环保,将有很大的研发前景。     

改性纤维素吸附剂的合成及其对铜离子的吸附

建立了一种简单方便的纤维素改性的固相合成方法。采用普遍廉价的滤纸作为原料,用固相合成法将预处理后的滤纸纤维经琥珀酸酐进行酯化改性,制备成新型的纤维素吸附剂,通过质量增比、扫描电镜、傅里叶红外光谱仪和X射线衍射仪对制备的吸附剂进行了分析表征,并且探究了离子初始浓度、溶液p H和吸附时间对改性纤维素吸附铜离子的影响。结果表明,在室温下初始离子浓度为1 000 mg/L,离子溶液体积为50 m L,加入0.1 g纤维改性剂,p H为4.0~5.0,吸附平衡时间为50 min时,滤纸纤维改性后最大吸附铜离子质量可达470 mg/g,铜离子去除率达到94%。