基于遥感的上海崇明东滩湿地典型植被净初级生产力估算

湿地是具有丰富的生物多样性和较高生产力的生态系统，在全球碳循环中占有重要地位。湿地植被净初级生产力（NPP）是衡量湿地生态系统健康状况的重要指标。以上海崇明东滩湿地3种典型植被--芦苇、海三棱藨草、互花米草为研究对象，结合实地调查、实验室测定和遥感技术进行湿地植被净初级生产力估算研究。首先，设置湿地3种典型植被样方，测量植被鲜重、高度、密度、盖度和叶面积指数（LAI）等反映植被生物学特性的特征参数，按不同植被类型分别建立基于LAI的样方NPP回归模型；其次，利用一景相近时相的SPOT5影像，经过几何纠正和辐射定标后，采用面向对象分类方法对影像分类，同时，计算出能较好地反映植被特征和消除土壤背景影响的修正土壤调节植被指数（MSAVI），建立了基于MSAVI的3种典型植被LAI遥感估测模型；最后，分别根据样方3种典型植被的NPP估测模型以及LAI遥感估测模型，进行尺度化转换，估算出崇明东滩湿地典型植被净初级生产力。模型简单可行，精度较高，可为快速定量评估湿地植被碳贡献及碳储量提供依据     

Junge relationships in measurement data for cyclic siloxanes in air

In 1974, Junge postulated a relationship between variability of concentrations of gases in air at remote locations and their atmospheric residence time, and this Junge relationship has subsequently been observed empirically for a range of trace gases. Here, we analyze two previously-published datasets of concentrations of cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (cVMS) in air and find Junge relationships in both. The first dataset is a time series of concentrations of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D₅) measured between January and June, 2009 at a rural site in southern Sweden that shows a Junge relationship in the temporal variability of the measurements. The second dataset consists of measurements of hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D₃), octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D₄) and D₅ made simultaneously at 12 sites in the Global Atmospheric Passive Sampling (GAPS) network that shows a Junge relationship in the spatial variability of the three cVMS congeners. We use the Junge relationship for the GAPS dataset to estimate atmospheric lifetimes of dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D₆), 8:2–fluorotelomer alcohol and trichlorinated biphenyls that are within a factor of 3 of estimates based on degradation rate constants for reaction with hydroxyl radical determined in laboratory studies.     

Characterization and assessment of “Kullar Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plant” wastewaters

We investigated conventional characterization of wastewaters of the "Kullar Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plant." In the study of conventional characterization; 23 composite samples, which were taken during 10 months, were used and analysed as COD, BOD5, TKN, NH3-N, SS, VSS, TP, RP, TS, Alkalinity, oil and grease, detergent, chloride parameters. For determine of the plant efficiency, 8 output grab samples were taken. The COD and BOD5 values of influent, respectively, ranging from 37 to 1,056 mg/L and 8 to 140 mg/L in total wastewater. The meanly BOD5/COD ratio was calculated as 0.34 in total wastewaters.     

用总有机碳浓度表达活性污泥反应动力学的研究

本研究对废水活性污泥法处理中常用指标ＣＯＤ、ＢＯＤ５、ＭＬＶＳＳ与总有机磷指标的相关性进行了探讨。     

MM5-SMOKE-CMAQ as a modeling tool for 8-h ozone regulatory enforcement: application to the state of Arizona

The Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Meteorological Model 5 (MM5), Sparse Matrix Operator Kernal Emissions (SMOKE), and Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling systems were employed to simulate ozone concentration distribution within the State of Arizona, in particular, Phoenix air basin, as supporting information to designate nonattainment areas of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's new 8-h ozone standard. In general, based on statistical comparisons between predictions and available (sparsely distributed) observations, the modeling system performed reasonably well for the Phoenix basin, thus proving it to be a useful tool for both regulatory as well as research applications. Detailed inspection, however, revealed a serious problem with respect to the details of the ozone distribution in that for some days the transition from downslope flow to upslope flow in the Phoenix basin was delayed in the model, causing the ozone distribution to show an unrealistic high-ozone bias toward the west valley. Implementation of a modified subgrid parameterization improved the time of transition, and hence the prediction of ozone and its precursor distributions. This study points to possible inadequacies of commonly used subgrid parameterizations in dealing with rapidly changing flow conditions such as morning (and evening) transitions.     

放电条件下SF5CF3的分解反应

SF₅CF₃是近年被发现的具有强红外辐射强迫、长寿命的新温室气体.本文利用火花放电技术模拟研究了放电条件下SF₅CF₃的去除机理.结果表明,SF₅CF₃在放电过程中将被分解并生成多种含硫、氟、氧和碳的化合物.H₂O的存在能够降低SF₅CF₃的分解速率,但降低的量与H₂O的分压无关. 在有H₂O存在的条件下,当体系总压约为31kPa时,闪电过程中SF₅CF₃的分解速率常数分别为0.011s^-.同时,SF₅CF₃的分解率随着体系的总压上升而呈指数下降.基于实验结果,对SF₅CF₃在放电过程中的反应途径作了探讨,并估算实际大气中放电的一种形式--闪电所引起的SF₅CF₃的分解量为53.6 kg·a^-.     

长江三角洲地区大气污染物水平输送场特征分析

以长江三角洲地区为研究对象,探讨城市群环境污染规律.利用区域中尺度大气数值预报模式MM5模拟2004年1,4,7和10月长江三角洲地区的气象场.结果表明:冬季,长江三角洲地区近地面及500 m高度层主要为西北风控制,输送气流主要来自西部内陆地区;春季,盛行东南风和偏东风,存在明显的东南向西北方向的输送气流;夏季,则以偏南输送气流为主,杭州湾地区海面向内陆方向以及太湖湖面风速较大,输送扩散能力较强;秋季则转为东北风,近地面杭州湾以北盛行北风,以南主要受海面东北风的影响.结合HYSPLIT-4三维轨迹模式计算分析该地区典型污染过程时污染物的输送气流轨迹,证实了污染过程伴随500 m高度处东北主频气流的“外源”输入现象.      

红球菌J-5菌株降解聚乙烯醇的研究

从土壤样品中分离到一株能以聚乙烯醇(PVA)为唯一碳源、能源生长的纯菌株,经生理生化鉴定和16S rRNA基因序列分析,该菌株属于红球菌属(Rhodococcus sp.),对该菌株降解PVA的特性进行了研究.结果表明,该菌株降解PVA的适宜条件为10000mg/L PVA,25℃,摇床培养;此外,添加0.1%的酵母膏可以明显促进PVA的降解.在该条件下通气培养7d,可以降解58%的PVA,通过红外光谱分析PVA的代谢产物,说明PVA降解的中间产物带有羰基.