复合微生物菌剂强化堆肥技术研究

采用复合微生物菌剂对生活垃圾的接种堆肥技术进行了实验研究。通过测定堆肥过程中反应器出口O2、CO2与H2S气体浓度及对堆肥样品扫描电镜照片分析，比较了3个接种组与1个对照组中堆料中微生物总数变化、种群结构演替及堆肥腐熟速度。试验结果表明，在原料成分为：生活垃圾／成熟堆肥=80／20，有机物约为60％，初始含水率为55％，初始C／N-30时，对于不同接种量的复合微生物接种系统堆料中分别接种0．2％、0．3％、0．5％(质量百分含量)，与加入0．3％灭活菌的对照组进行对比实验，接种复合微生物菌剂堆肥系统不仅微生物总数高于对照组，而且其种群结构合理，能明显提高堆肥效率，有效控制臭气的产生，提高堆肥腐熟度。     

Dehalogenation Potential of Municipal Waste Incineration Fly Ash

BACKGROUND, AIMS AND SCOPE: In the first part of this paper the main principles which control the dehalogenation of polychlorinated aromatic compounds on municipal waste incineration fly ash (MWI-FA) have been discussed and the model fly ash of similar dehalogenation activity has been proposed. Even if both systems show comparable dehalogenation properties, the main question concerning the postulated identical reaction mechanism in both cases is left unanswered. The other very important point is to what extent is this dechlorination mechanism thermodynamically controlled. The same problem is often discussed in the literature also for the de novo synthetic reactions. From the data it is clear that metallic copper plays a decisive role in the mechanism of the dehalogenation reaction. Although the results reported in the first part strongly support the idea that copper acts in this dechlorination as the reaction component, in contrast to its generally accepted catalytic behaviour, we believed that additional support for this conclusion can be obtained with the help of a thermodynamic interpretation of the mechanism of the reaction. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The pathways of hexachlorobenzene dechlorination on MWI-FA and model fly ash were studied in a closed system at 260-300 degrees C under nitrogen atmosphere. These pathways were the same for both systems, with the following prevailing sequences: hexachlorobenzene --> pentachlorobenzene --> 1,2,3,5-tetrachlorobenzene --> 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene --> 1,3-dichlorobenzene. Thermodynamic calculations were carried out by using the method of minimization total Gibbs energy of the whole system. In the calculations, the following reaction components were taken into account: all gaseous chlorinated benzenes, benzene, hydrogen chloride, a gaseous trimer Cu3Cl3, and also Cu2O and CuCl2 as solid components. The effect of the reaction temperature and the amount of copper and water vapour were considered as well. The effect of reaction temperature was determined from the data calculated for the 500 to 750 K temperature region. The effect of the initial composition was determined for the molar amounts of copper = 0.01-3 moles and water vapour = 0.2 to 3 moles per mole of chlorobenzene isomer CONCLUSIONS: The results of hexachlorobenzene dechlorination by MWI-FA and model fly ash under comparable reaction conditions allow us to conclude that both dechlorinations proceed via the same dechlorination pathways, which can be taken as an evidence of the identical dehalogenation mechanism for both systems. The relative percentual distribution of the dehalogenated products depends on the temperature, but not on the initial amount of water vapour or copper metal. On the other hand, the initial amount of copper substantially affects the conversion of the dehalogenation as well as the molar ratio of Cu3Cl3 to HCl in the equilibrium mixture. Comparison of the experimental with thermodynamic results supports the idea that dehalogenation reactions are thermodynamically controlled. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: Thermodynamic analysis of the dehalogenation reactions may prove useful for a wide range of pollutants. The calculations concerning polychlorinated biphenyls and phenols are under study.     

焚烧法处理环己酮生产中的皂化液

用环已烷氧化生产环已酮的生产过程中会产生大量的皂化液 ,它含有大量的有害物质 ,是一种难处理的高污染有机废水。某石化厂在借鉴造纸行业的黑液焚烧技术的基础上 ,采用焚烧法来处理皂化液 ,并得到副产蒸气和回收了碳酸钠 ,实现了皂化液的无害化与资源化 ,具有良好的社会效益、环境效益和经济效益 ,每处理 1t皂化液可盈利 10 0～ 2 0 0元     

基于集装化外运与综合型处理的上海城市生活垃圾管理对策

分析了上海市区生活垃圾收运处理现状与问题,借鉴国外特大城市生活垃圾收运处理管理经验和教训,提出了将现有垃圾水运系统升级改造为集装化水陆联运系统、将现有老港废弃物处置场扩建为生活垃圾分类、生化处理、焚烧发电、填埋等多种技术有机组合的综合型处理基地的方案,为改善上海市生活垃圾收运与处理处置系统提出可行的对策建议.     

420kg／h医疗废弃物焚烧装置及其应用

叙述了420 kg／h医疗废弃物焚烧处理技术 设备的特点以及应用。     

垃圾焚烧发电过程中的二次污染物控制处理技术

概述了二口恶英、重金属、酸性气体、灰渣等垃圾焚烧二次污染物的形成机理，并详细介绍了通过控制垃圾焚烧条件、尾气处理以及吸附等方法，可以有效控制二口恶英类污染物的排放；重金属的控制可以用除尘器或使用相应的吸附剂处理；采用较为成熟的烟气处理技术，可以控制处理酸性气体；灰渣可采用固化稳定化和酸或其他溶剂提出法处置。     

危险废物焚烧烟气净化中脱酸工艺条件的优化控制

优化脱酸工艺参数,合理使用脱酸剂是净化烟气、严防二次污染的关键步骤。通过对危险废物焚烧烟气净化中脱酸工艺条件进行筛选和优化,探索适宜的脱酸工艺条件。     

垃圾焚烧中氯化物对重金属Cd迁移转化特性的影响

采用管式炉和模拟垃圾对垃圾焚烧中氯化物对重金属Cd迁移转化特性的影响进行了研究,使用ICP-AES(美国EPA消解方法)、SEM、EDS和XRD分析技术对重金属浓度、灰渣表面形貌、成分和灰渣X射线衍射物相等进行了分析.结果表明,氯化物的加入均使得97％以上的Cd分布于飞灰中,且随氯化物含量的增加在飞灰中的分布逐渐增加.有机氯PVC和无机氯NaCl含量的变化对Cd迁移分布的影响没有显著差别.PVC对Cd迁移分布影响受温度影响显著,550℃时Cd在飞灰中分布为80.51%,850℃时Cd在飞灰中的分布上升为97.91%,但在温度超过CdCl₂的熔点568℃后温度的影响较小.NaCl对Cd的迁移分布受温度影响不明显,加入NaCl后550℃时Cd在飞灰中分布为95.02%,1 000℃时在飞灰中的分布为96.58%.氯化物存在下停留时间对Cd迁移分布没有显著影响.底渣和飞灰的SEM/EDS和XRD分析表明,PVC和NaCl对Cd迁移转化作用机理不同.     

辅助燃料对垃圾熔融炉炉温影响的分析研究

文章计算了在不同焦炭加入量及不同焦炭和煤的配比条件下处理城市生活垃圾时气化熔融炉的炉温。计算结果表明,用焚烧法处理重庆市的生活垃圾时,在常温鼓风条件下,要使垃圾灰渣完全熔融,焦炭配比至少应在42％以上;在一定的条件下,可以用煤部分或全部代替焦炭,同时配以高温鼓风,可使炉温达到并超过垃圾灰渣的熔融温度,从而使得垃圾灰渣熔融。