黄河包头段环境中α-HCH的迁移与残留的动态模拟

以黄河包头段作为研究区域,α-HCH作为研究对象,利用稳态假设的逸度方法,建立符合包头段污染特征的微分方程组,利用MATLAB 6.5求出该方程的稳态解和随时间变化的微分解,模拟出环境各相中稳态时各种迁移过程的年迁移量,得出年迁移量大小顺序:水体>悬浮颗粒物>沉积物>大气;该段的α-HCH主要迁移来源为水体迁移和悬浮物迁移,迁移量分别为1.68t/a和1.34t/a;稳态时α-HCH在河流环境中的残留以沉积物为最多,其残留量达38.56kg,与实测结果数量级相吻合,且在沉积物中达到稳态的时间也是最长的,约为53年。     

Cost-Effective Control of Ground-Level Ozone Pollution in and around Beijing

Ground level ozone pollution has become a significant air pollution problem in Beijing. Because of the complex way in which ozone is formed, it is difficult for policy makers to identify optimal control options on a cost-effective basis. This paper identi-fies and assesses a range of options for addressing this problem. We apply the Ambient Least Cost Model and compare the eco-nomic costs of control options, then recommend the most effective sequence to realize pollution control at the lowest cost. The study finds that installing of Stage II gasoline vapor recovery system at Beijing’s 1446 gasoline stations would be the most cost-effective option. Overall, options to reduce ozone pollution by cutting ve-hicular emissions are much more cost-effective than options to "clean up" coal-fired power plants.     

Effects of Land‐Use and Land‐Cover Change on Evapotranspiration and Water Yield in China During 1900‐20001

Abstract: China has experienced a rapid land‐use/cover change (LUCC) during the 20th Century, and this process is expected to continue in the future. How LUCC has affected water resources across China, however, remains uncertain due to the complexity of LUCC‐water interactions. In this study, we used an integrated Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM) in conjunction with spatial data of LUCC to estimate the LUCC effects on the magnitude, spatial and temporal variations of evapotranspiration (ET), runoff, and water yield across China. Through comparisons of DLEM results with other model simulations, field observations, and river discharge data, we found that DLEM model can adequately catch the spatial and seasonal patterns of hydrological processes. Our simulation results demonstrate that LUCC led to substantial changes in ET, runoff, and water yield in most of the China’s river basins during the 20th Century. The temporal and spatial patterns varied significantly across China. The largest change occurred during the second half century when almost all of the river basins had a decreasing trend in ET and an increasing trend in water yield and runoff, in contrast to the inclinations of ET and declinations of water yield in major river basins, such as Pearl river basin, Yangtze river basin, and Yellow river basin during the first half century. The increased water yield and runoff indicated alleviated water deficiency in China in the late 20th Century, but the increased peak flow might make the runoff difficult to be held by reservoirs. The continuously increasing ET and decreasing water yield in Continental river basin, Southwest river basin, and Songhua and Liaohe river basin implied regional water deficiency. Our study in China indicates that deforestation averagely increased ET by 138 mm/year but decreased water yield by the same amount and that reforestation averagely decreased ET by 422 mm/year since most of deforested land was converted to paddy land or irrigated cropland. In China, cropland‐related land transformation is the dominant anthropogenic force affecting water resources during the 20th Century. On national average, cropland expansion was estimated to increase ET by 182 mm/year while cropland abandonment decreased ET by 379 mm/year. Our simulation results indicate that urban sprawl generally decreased ET and increased water yield. Cropland managements (fertilization and irrigation) significantly increased ET by 98 mm/year. To better understand LUCC effects on China’s water resources, it is needed to take into account the interactions of LUCC with other environmental changes such as climate and atmospheric composition.     

The role of physical processes controlling the behaviour of radionuclide contaminants in the aquatic environment: a review of state-of-the-art modelling approaches

This paper is aimed at presenting and discussing the methodologies implemented in state-of-the-art models for predicting the physical processes of radionuclide migration through the aquatic environment, including transport due to water currents, diffusion, settling and re-suspension. Models are briefly described, model parameter values reviewed and values recommended. The different modelling approaches are briefly classified and the advantages and disadvantages of the various model approaches and methodologies are assessed.     

应急决策的理论与方法探讨

围绕基于模板的规划、组织决策协调与基于Agent系统的协调机制以及马尔可夫决策规划等应急决策的关键理论与方法,对国内外相关研究进行分析与总结;提出以决策理论规划为应急决策研究的主要建模和分析框架;采用逻辑程序与规划相结合的思想,研究基于应急预案模板的应急决策规划方法;基于应急处置任务的时间、资源约束关系,研究应急处置任务的多Agent马尔可夫决策建模及求解方法。基于决策理论规划的应急决策理论可以很好地用于应急决策的多阶段动态过程建模,而且能够利用预案模板降低模型求解的难度。上述研究完善和丰富了应急决策的理论和方法,为科学的应急决策实践以及应急决策支持系统提供了一种理论和方法。     

Assessing the effects of pseudo-absences on predictive distribution model performance

Modelling species distributions with presence data from atlases, museum collections and databases is challenging. In this paper, we compare seven procedures to generate pseudo-absence data, which in turn are used to generate GLM-logistic regressed models when reliable absence data are not available. We use pseudo-absences selected randomly or by means of presence-only methods (ENFA and MDE) to model the distribution of a threatened endemic Iberian moth species (Graellsia isabelae). The results show that the pseudo-absence selection method greatly influences the percentage of explained variability, the scores of the accuracy measures and, most importantly, the degree of constraint in the distribution estimated. As we extract pseudo-absences from environmental regions further from the optimum established by presence data, the models generated obtain better accuracy scores, and over-prediction increases. When variables other than environmental ones influence the distribution of the species (i.e., non-equilibrium state) and precise information on absences is non-existent, the random selection of pseudo-absences or their selection from environmental localities similar to those of species presence data generates the most constrained predictive distribution maps, because pseudo-absences can be located within environmentally suitable areas. This study shows that if we do not have reliable absence data, the method of pseudo-absence selection strongly conditions the obtained model, generating different model predictions in the gradient between potential and realized distributions.     

中国地区大气汞的干沉降速度

借助箱模式对汞的干沉降过程进行敏感性分析,并利用区域大气环境模式系统RegAEMS计算中国地区汞干沉降速度的时空分布特征。结果表明,森林下垫面下三类汞（气态零价汞、活性气态汞和颗粒态汞）的干沉降速度较大( 0.13、4.5和0.45 cm·s^-1),水体表面上的相对较小（0.0012,0.5和0.11 cm·s^-1）。敏感性分析发现,三类汞的干沉降速度随着近地层风速增加;降水或者地表湿度降低会导致零价汞和活性气态汞干沉降速度增加;雪盖厚度会减小气态零价汞的干沉降速度而增加活性气态汞的干沉降速度。三类汞的干沉降速度在区域上分布类似,东北以及南部地区最高,华东地区最小。季节变化上,气态零价汞、活性气态汞的干沉降速度在多数下垫面都夏季最大,冬季最小;颗粒态汞季节变化不明显。     

水电厂电力设备事故应急响应FPN-MC模型及效能分析

为更好地利用信息技术研究水电厂电力设备事故应急效能,提高应急救援效率和应急处置能力,综合考虑应急响应过程中各个环节时间的随机性与模糊性,运用模糊Petri网（FPN）和马尔科夫链（MC）理论,构建水电厂电力设备事故应急响应FPN-MC模型,求解模糊稳态概率值并分析系统效能指标。最后,以ZLB水电厂电力设备事故Ⅲ级应急响应作为实例,进一步剖析应急流程信息拥挤的瓶颈环节及事件应急处置的关键节点。结果表明:应急资源使用完毕、相关人员现场处置到位、确定完善的处置方案时的状态最为繁忙;利用资源实施救援、相关人员进行现场处置、完善处置方案等实施过程需要重点监督和管理。     

基于Monte Carlo与Markov法参数不确定性条件下SIL评估

为了避免由参数不确定性因素导致较大的Markov法SIL评估偏差,且减少计算工作量和复杂性,采用Monte Carlo（MC）仿真方法处理含不确定性参数的Markov模型,并借助Matlab GUI编程开发MC仿真处理参数不确定性条件下Markov法SIL评估可视化仿真计算软件。在理论研究的基础上,为说明该研究方法与计算软件的可行性,以石油天然气工业高完整性压力保护系统（HIPPS）为算例进行SIL评估。结果表明:MC仿真方法可以有效处理Markov法SIL评估中参数不确定性问题;基于Matlab GUI编程设计出的仿真计算软件在一定程度上可以提高计算效率。     

基于SPA-Markov的飞行安全态势评估与预测研究

为提高航空公司飞行安全风险控制和预测水平,利用QAR数据作为支撑,结合集 对分析和马尔科夫理论建立飞行安全态势评估模型。该模型以QAR超限事件为评估指标 ,采用集对分析中的联系度来描述安全风险等级;运用马尔科夫理论确定安全状态的转 移概率矩阵,以预测飞行安全动态变化趋势。最后以某公司A320机队6个月发生频率最 高的7类超限事件对模型进行验证。结果表明:该公司2月、6月和预测月份的安全状态 为一般风险,其他月份为低风险;总体安全状态也为一般风险,并有增加趋势。