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41.
Black RR Meyer CP Touati A Gullett BK Fiedler H Mueller JF 《Environment international》2012,38(1):62-66
The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants includes in its aims the minimisation of unintentional releases of polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF) and dioxin like PCB (dl-PCB) to the environment. Development and implementation of policies to achieve this aim require accurate national inventories of releases of PCDD/PCDF/dl-PCB. To support this objective, the Conference of Parties established a process to review and update the UNEP Standardized Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of Dioxin and Furan Releases. An assessment of all emission inventories was that for many countries open burning of biomass and waste was identified as the major source of PCDD/PCDF releases. However, the experimental data underpinning the release estimates used were limited in number and, consequently, confidence in the accuracy of the emissions predictions was low. There has been significant progress in measurement technology since the last edition of the Toolkit in 2005. In this paper we reassess published emission factors for release of PCDD/PCDF and dl-PCB to land and air.In total, four types of biomass and 111 emission factors were assessed. It was found that there are no systematic differences in emission factors apparent between biomass types or fire classes. The data set is best described by a lognormal distribution. The geometric mean emission factors (EFs) for releases of PCDD/PCDF to air for the four biomass classes used in the Toolkit (sugarcane, cereal crops, forest and savannah/grass) are 1.6 μg TEQ (t fuel)−1, 0.49 μg TEQ (t fuel)−1, 1.0 μg TEQ (t fuel)−1 and 0.4 μg TEQ (t fuel)−1, respectively. Corresponding EFs for release of PCDD/PCDF to land are 3.0 ng TEQ (kg ash)−1, 1.1 ng TEQ (kg ash)−1, 1.1 ng TEQ (kg ash)−1 and 0.67 ng TEQ (kg ash)−1. There are now also sufficient published data available to evaluate EFs for dl-PCB release to air for sugarcane, forest and grass/savannah; these are 0.03 μg TEQ (t fuel)−1, 0.09 μg TEQ (t fuel)−1 and 0.01 μg TEQ (t fuel)−1, respectively. The average EF for dl-PCB release to land is 0.19 ng TEQ (kg ash)−1. Application of these EFs to national emissions of PCDD/PCDF for global estimates from open burning will lower previous estimates of PCDD/PCDF releases to air and to land by 85% and 90%, respectively. For some countries, the ranking of their major sources will be changed and open burning of biomass will become less significant than previously concluded. 相似文献
42.
Cláudia Ribeiro Ana Rita Ribeiro Maria Elizabeth Tiritan 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2016,51(3):143-153
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are widespread compounds, such as organohalogenated compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and pesticides, which can be found in all types of environmental compartments. Their presence in the aquatic environment is a worldwide problem, with emphasis on sediments which act as depository and consequently as a source of hydrophobic, recalcitrant and harmful compounds. Besides, these pollutants might affect the reproduction and mortality of living organisms, diverging in their potential to bioaccumulate in tissues. The present paper aims to review the occurrence of POPs in sediments and biota from the coastal, estuarine and river areas of Portugal. The list of the studied compounds comprises organohalogenated compounds, PAHs, organometallic compounds, pesticides, sterols, fatty acids and pharmaceutical compounds. The contamination of sediments by various pollutants is presented, such as PAHs up to 7,350 ng g?1 found in Sado estuary and polychlorinated biphenyls up to 62.2 ng g?1 in the case of sediments collected in Ria de Aveiro. The occurrence of these persistent toxic substances in sediments demonstrates aquatic contamination from agricultural, industrial and urban discharges and the concern about the potential risks to aquatic organisms, wildlife and humans. In fact, several classes of POPs have also been found in biota, such as polychlorinated biphenyls up to 810.9 ng g?1 in sentinel fish from the Douro River estuary and pesticides in bivalves from the Sado River estuary. The importance of further systematic research on sediments and biota is here highlighted to compare the contamination of these two reservoirs; to assess their spatial and temporal variation; and to determine other classes of POPs that were not investigated yet (e.g., industrial compounds, estrogens and many classes of pharmaceuticals). 相似文献
43.
Kun Luo Ya Pang Dongbo Wang Xue Li Liping Wang Min Lei Qi Huang Qi Yang 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2021,33(10):201-216
Biochar as an emerging carbonaceous material has exhibited a great potential in environmental application for its perfect adsorption ability. However, there are abundant persistent free radicals (PFRs) in biochar, so the direct and indirect PFRs-mediated removal of organic and inorganic contaminants by biochar was widely reported. In order to comprehend deeply the formation of PFRs in biochar and their interactions with contaminants, this paper reviews the formation mechanisms of PFRs in biochar and the PFRs-mediated environmental applications of biochar in recent years. Finally, future challenges in this field are also proposed. This review provides a more comprehensive understanding on the emerging applications of biochar from the viewpoint of the catalytic role of PFRs. 相似文献
44.
Here, we examined the incineration of extruded polystyrene containing hexabromocyclododecane(HBCD) in a pilot-scale incinerator under various combustion temperatures(800–950℃) and flue gas residence times(2–8 sec). Rates of HBCD decomposition ranged from 99.996%(800℃, 2 sec) to 99.9999%(950℃, 8 sec); the decomposition of HBCD, except during the initial stage of combustion(flue gas residence time 2 sec), followed a pseudo-first-order kinetics model. An Arrhenius plot revealed that the activation energy and frequency factor of the decomposition of HBCD by combustion were 14.2 kJ/mol and 1.69 sec~(-1),respectively. During combustion, 11 brominated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(BrPAHs)were detected as unintentional by-products. Of the 11 BrPAHs detected, 2-bromoanthracene and 1-bromopyrene were detected at the highest concentrations. The mutagenic and carcinogenic BrPAHs 1,5-dibromoanthracene and 1-bromopyrene were most frequently detected in the flue gases analyzed. The total concentration of BrPAHs exponentially increased(range,87.8–2,040,000 ng/m~3) with increasing flue gas residence time. Results from a qualitative analysis using gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry suggest that bromofluorene and bromopyrene(or fluoranthene) congeners were also produced during the combustion. 相似文献
45.
对抚顺市二噁英类持久性有机污染物污染状况进行深入调查,进一步明确污染源和排放情况. 相似文献
46.
Atmospheric emissions of some POPs in Europe: a discussion of existing inventories and data needs 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Accurate and complete information on the emissions of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are essential for interpreting historical, current and future contamination levels in remote areas. However, this information is also crucial for decision makers aiming at further reduction of the environmental loading of these substances on a regional scale. In this study, we identify and discuss specific POP emission inventory features that are deemed essential to understand, predict and control the behaviour of such substances on a European scale. It is shown that the scientific value of official emission data is limited (e.g. for deriving source–receptor relationships on a European scale), as there is insufficient information on spatial, temporal and compound coverage. Likewise, we argue that non-official emission data (i.e. research-driven emission inventories), which are based on aggregated statistics, may be of limited value for the identification of further emission control strategies. It is thus argued that future emission inventories should be developed in a format that is suitable to serve both policy- and research-oriented applications. Further improvement of official emission data with respect to research-driven features seems to be the most sensible way to proceed. Finally, the empirical basis of current emission inventories remains weak, and further research on emission identification and characterisation seem needed (a) to gain confidence in predicted source–receptor relationship as well as (b) for the development of sound control strategies. 相似文献
47.
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49.
Haifeng Zhang Klaus Guenther Sebastian Zuehlke 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(6):1904-1910
The degradation of a chiral nonylphenol isomer, 4-(1-ethyl-1,4-dimethylpentyl)phenol (NP112), in two agricultural soils from Monheim and Dortmund, Germany has been studied. The degradation of NP112 and the formation of a nitro-nonylphenol metabolite were determined by means of GC-MS analysis. The degradation followed bi-exponential order kinetics, with half-life of less than 5 days in both soils. The nitro-metabolite was found at different concentration levels in the two soils. The nitro-metabolite of NP112 was more persistent than its parent compound. After 150 days about 13% of the initially applied NP112 remained in the Monheim soil as its nitro-metabolite. Results of the E-screen assay revealed that the nitro-NP112 has oestrogenic potency of 85% of that of NP112. Furthermore, the results of chiral GC-MS analysis revealed that no chiral degradation of NP112 occurred in this study. 相似文献
50.
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in Caspian seals of unusual mortality event during 2000 and 2001 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kajiwara N Watanabe M Wilson S Eybatov T Mitrofanov IV Aubrey DG Khuraskin LS Miyazaki N Tanabe S 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,152(2):431-442
Persistent organic pollutants including organochlorine pesticides, PCBs, and PCDDs/DFs were determined in the blubber of Caspian seals, which died during an outbreak of canine distemper virus in 2000 and 2001. DDTs were the predominant contaminants that ranged from 3.1 to 560 microg/g lipid. A negative correlation was observed between concentration of contaminants and blubber thickness. During spring, as the blubber layer becomes thin after breeding and moulting, seals may face higher risk due to the increased concentration of organochlorines in their bodies. TEQs in the blubber of Caspian seals (10-340 pg TEQ/g) were lower than those in seals from other locations, suggesting that toxic effects of these contaminants are a deal less in the present population and they are unlikely to be linked to mass mortality. The levels of PCBs and pesticides in Caspian seals, however, comparable to those in other aquatic mammals that have suffered from epizootics, might pose a risk of immunosuppression. 相似文献