三峡库区(重庆段)生态系统健康评价

生态系统的健康和相对稳定是人类赖以生存与发展的必要条件. 分析了三峡库区(重庆段)生态系统的健康状况,使用3S技术获取基础地理数据,构建基于压力-状态-响应模式的三级指标体系模型,并以AHP法结合专家咨询法选取人口密度、地质灾害易发度等10项指标,进行综合得分计算并分级. 结果表明:①在生态环境调查的基础上,应用GIS空间分析方法进行生态系统健康评价具有可操作性和结果的可靠性;②三峡库区(重庆段)生态系统健康质量表现出2～4级生态系统占主体(82.6%)的特点,生态质量一般,人类社会经济活动对生态系统的健康状况造成较大影响;③生态系统健康质量水平分布表现出明显的区域差异,从行政范围来看,彭水县、巫山县较好,巫溪县、武隆县等次之,云阳市、万州区等则较差. 结合系统聚类分析方法分析三峡库区(重庆段)生态系统健康状况空间分异的成因;并从宏观尺度上提出了对该地区人为活动的不良生态后果予以积极预防和有效调控的综合对策.      

城市垃圾焚烧飞灰特性及水泥固化试验研究

试验分析了重庆市某城市垃圾焚烧发电厂飞灰的化学成分,研究了原飞灰的浸出毒性,考察了水泥对原飞灰和酸洗预处理飞灰中重金属的固化效果. 结果表明:飞灰中重金属Pb和Zn的浸出质量浓度均超过《危险废物浸出毒性鉴别标准》(GB5085.3-2007),因而被认为是危险废物,必须对之进行稳定化处理;酸洗预处理飞灰固化试块的抗压强度得到了一定程度的提高,其重金属Pb和Zn的浸出毒性均较相同配比、相同养护时间的原飞灰固化试块有明显降低;酸洗预处理飞灰固化试块抗压强度随掺入飞灰比例的降低和养护时间的延长而加大,在养护28 d时其抗压强度最高,达4.25 MPa;酸洗预处理飞灰固化试块在养护28 d时,其重金属Pb和Zn的浸出质量浓度分别比原飞灰所制固化试块降低了10.6%～59.0%和7.4%～73.7%.      

电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定地下水中钴和钼

建立了一种用电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定水源地地下水中微量元素钴和钼的方法。与常规的元素测试方法相比,该方法可以同时快速有效地完成钴和钼测试,测试方法简单,结果准确可靠。     

PUF大气被动采样技术对POPs的采样计算

随着《斯德哥尔摩公约》的实施,大气中持久性有机污染物(POPs)的大气被动采样(PAS)观测技术得到了快速发展,相比于传统大气主动采样技术,PAS技术具有明显的优势。以应用最为广泛的聚氨酯软性泡沫材料大气被动采样(PUF-PAS)为例,重点阐述和讨论了3种通过大气被动采样技术来计算污染物在空气中的浓度的方法,并对其采样原理和发展趋势进行了简要介绍。     

扬州市不同功能区表层土壤中多环芳烃的含量、来源及其生态风险

对扬州市6个不同功能区(公园、菜地、文教区、居民区、加油站和工业区)共59个表层土壤样品(0～10 cm)中15种美国环境保护署优控的多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量和来源进行了分析,并利用苯并[a]芘(BaP)毒性当量浓度(TEQ_BaP)评价了土壤中PAHs的生态风险.结果表明,扬州市土壤中∑15PAHs总量范围为21～36 118μg·kg^-1,中值为295μg·kg^-1,PAHs组成中以4～6环为主.不同功能区∑15PAHs总量平均值高低顺序为工业区>加油站>文教区>菜地>居民区>公园.相关性分析表明,整个扬州市土壤中∑15PAHs总量与土壤总有机碳(TOC)(P<0.05)和黑碳(BC)(P<0.01)含量都呈显著性正相关,但除了加油站土壤中∑15PAHs总量与BC含量呈显著性正相关(P<0.01)外,不同功能区土壤中∑15PAHs总量与TOC、BC含量都无显著相关性.特征比值法结果表明,不同功能区土壤中PAHs来源虽有些差异,但都主要来源于石油泄漏以及石油、煤和生物质等...     

郑州市民运会期间大气PM2.5改善效果评估

利用2019年8月5日至9月30日大气污染物和颗粒物组分在线数据,评估郑州市少数民族运动会空气质量管控效果.根据政府管控措施的实施时间,将研究时期分为管控前(8月5～24日)、管控中(8月25日至9月18日)和解除管控后(9月19～30日).相较管控前,管控中PM_2.5平均浓度增加2.3μg·m^-3,解除管控后PM_2.5的浓度增加了11.7μg·m^-3,解除管控后PM_2.5浓度增幅高于管控中,表明管控措施对颗粒物有显著的减排效果.从颗粒物组分来看,研究期间郑州市主要组分依次是有机物、硝酸根、铵根、硫酸根和地壳元素.相比于管控前,管控期间PM_2.5组分中有机物和硝酸根占比分别上升3.9%和0.9%,硫酸根、铵根和地壳元素的占比下降了1.1%、 1.9%和2.2%.利用正定矩阵因子分解法解析颗粒物来源,结果表明二次硫酸、二次硝酸、二次有机气溶胶、机动车源、工艺过程源、扬尘和燃煤是PM_2.5主要来源.管控对一次源中的扬尘、燃煤和工业效果显著...     

膜、柱串联固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定水中多环芳烃(PAHs)的研究

建立了用膜-柱串联固相萃取(SPE)技术,甲醇和水作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,紫外和荧光检测器串联的高效液相色谱法(HPLC)分析水中EPA优先监控的16种PAHs的方法.     

Substrate-induced changes in microbial community-level physiological profiles and their application to discriminate soil microbial communities

The addition of simple substrates could affect the microbial respiration in soils. This substrate-induced respiration is widely used to estimate the soil microbial biomass, but little attention has been paid to its influence on the changes of community-level physiological profiles. In this study, the process of microbial communities responding to the added substrate using sole-carbon-source utilization （BIOLOG） was investigated. BIOLOG is biased toward fast-growing bacteria; this advantage was taken to detect the prompt response of the active microbial communities to the added substrate. Four soil samples from agricultural fields adjacent to heavy metal mines were amended with L-arginine, citric acid, or D-glucose. Substrate amendments could, generally, not only increase the metabolic activity of the microbial communities, but also change the metabolic diverse patterns compared with no-substrate control. By tracking the process, it was found that the variance between substrate-induced treatment and control fluctuated greatly during the incubation course, and the influences of these three substrates were different. In addition, the application of these induced changes to discriminate soil microbial communities was tested. The distance among all samples was greatly increased, which further showed the functional variance among microbial communities in soils. This can be very useful in the discrimination of microbial communities even with high similarity.     

Validation of an agricultural non-point source （AGNPS） pollution model for a catchment in the Jiulong River watershed, China

This study tested and evaluated the agricultural non-point source(AGNPS)model for the Wuchuan catchment, a typical agricultural area in the Jiulong River watershed, Fujian Province. China. The AGNPS model was calibrated and validated for the study area with observed data onten storms. Thedata on eight stormsin 2002 were used for calibration while data on two stormswere used for validation of the model. Considering the lack of water quality data over a long-term series, a novel method, comparing an internal nested catchment with its surrounding catchment, was used to supplement the less long-term series data. Dual calibration and validation of the AGNPS model was obtained by this comparison. The results indicate that the correlation coefficients were 0. 99 and 0. 98 for runoff, 0. 94 and 0. 95 forthe peak runoff rate of the large catchment and the small catchment, respectively, and 0. 76 forthe sediment of the small catchment only. Each pair of correlation coefficients is homogeneous for the same event for the two catchments. With the exception of the sediment yield and particulate phosphorus, the peak nmofr rate and other nutrients were well predicted. Sensitivity analysis showed that the Soil Conservation Service curve number and rainfall quantity were the most sensitive parameters, which resulted in high output variations. Erosivitv and other parameters had little influence on the hydrological and quality outputs.     

Indoor and outdoor BTX levels in Barcelona City metropolitan area and Catalan rural areas

Five aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, and three isomeric xylenes) were monitored in indoor and outdoor air of 7 public buildings and 54 private homes, located in Barcelona City metropolitan area and in several rural areas of Catalonia. The sampling was carried out over four periods: spring-summer and winter of 2000, and summer and winter of 2001. Passive ORSA 5 Dra¨ger samplers were used for benzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTX) adsorption. BTX were extracted with carbon disulphide and analysed using ...